INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-40
Author(s):  
Marco Guglielmi ◽  
Matthew Bullock ◽  
Jean-Pierre Patureau
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
American Counterpart ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Export Restrictions ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact

The European Space Agency (ESA) has established a Technology Observatory to actively monitor and benchmark the evolution of space technologies worldwide in support of its space technology strategy. One of the issues that has been recently analysed is the effect of restrictions placed by national governments worldwide on the export of space technologies. In this paper, the authors discuss the main findings of this survey. Import and export restrictions and indicative space related export and import flows are mapped and analysed. In addition, space-related cooperation agreements are reviewed. Positive and negative impacts of export and impact restrictions are identified and analysed. Major space faring countries have national legislations dealing with ‘sensitive’ technologies; however, the scope and type of legislations vary widely. Diverging trends have been identified for major exporting space industries. The European space sector has experienced a large increase while its American counterpart witnessed a net decrease; countries like China, India, Japan, and Russia are more active in export activities. U.S. export regulations have had the strongest impact on shaping the world export market. The widening of the export market strengthens the impact of export restrictions in Europe.

scholarly journals Six years of total ozone column measurements from SCIAMACHY nadir observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lerot ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
J. van Geffen ◽  
J. van Gent ◽  
C. Fayt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ozone Data ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
German Aerospace ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Total O3 columns have been retrieved from six years of SCIAMACHY nadir UV radiance measurements using SDOAS, an adaptation of the GDOAS algorithm previously developed at BIRA-IASB for the GOME instrument. GDOAS and SDOAS have been implemented by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the version 4 of the GOME Data Processor (GDP) and in version 3 of the SCIAMACHY Ground Processor (SGP), respectively. The processors are being run at the DLR processing centre on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA). We first focus on the description of the SDOAS algorithm with particular attention to the impact of uncertainties on the reference O3 absorption cross-sections. Second, the resulting SCIAMACHY total ozone data set is globally evaluated through large-scale comparisons with results from GOME and OMI as well as with ground-based correlative measurements. The various total ozone data sets are found to agree within 2% on average. However, a negative trend of 0.2–0.4%/year has been identified in the SCIAMACHY O3 columns; this probably originates from instrumental degradation effects that have not yet been fully characterized.

Spaceborne monitoring of CO2 emissions from large cities and the impact of aerosols

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Houweling ◽  
Jochen Landgraf ◽  
Friedemann Reum ◽  
Hein van Heck ◽  
Wei Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Spaceborne Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

<p>International agreements to reduce CO2 emissions call for an independent mechanism for evaluating the compliance with emission reduction targets. Atmospheric measurements can provide important information in support of this goal. However, to do this globally requires a drastic expansion of the existing monitoring network, using a combination of surface measurements and satellites. CO2 sensing satellites can deliver the required spatial coverage, filling in the gaps that are difficult to cover on ground. However, to reach the accuracy that is required for monitoring CO2 from space is a challenge, and even more so for anthropogenic CO2.</p><p>The European space agency is preparing for the launch of a constellation of satellites for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 within the Copernicus program, starting in 2025. Scientific support studies have been carried out to define this mission in terms of payload and observational requirements. We report on the AeroCarb study, which investigated the impact retrieval errors due to aerosols in CO2 plumes downwind of large cities, and the potential benefit of an onboard aerosol sensor to help mitigate such errors. In this study, CO2 and aerosol plumes have been simulated at high-resolution for the cities of Berlin and Beijing. The impact of aerosol scattering on spaceborne CO2 measurements has been assessed using a combined CO2-aerosol retrieval scheme, with and without the use of an onboard multi-angular spectropolarimeter (MAP) for measuring aerosols. The results have been used to quantify the accuracy at which the CO2 emissions of Berlin and Beijing can be quantified using inverse modelling and the impact of aerosols depending on the chosen satellite payload. </p><p>In this presentation we summarize the outcome of this study, and discuss the implications for the space borne monitoring of anthropogenic CO2 emissions from large cities.</p>

The science return of the ESA Hera mission to the binary asteroid Didymos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Michel ◽  
Michael Kueppers ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Hypervelocity Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Asteroid Impact ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Hera mission has been approved for development and launch in the new ESA Space Safety Programme by the ESA Council at Ministerial Level, Space19+, in November 2019. Hera will both offer a high science return and contribute to the first deflection test of an asteroid, in the framework of the international NASA- and ESA-supported Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) collaboration.</p> <p>The impact of the NASA DART (Doube Asteroid Redirection Test) spacecraft on the natural satellite of Didymos in October 2022 will change its orbital period around Didymos. As Didymos is an eclipsing binary, and close to the Earth on this date, the change can be detected by Earth-based observers. ESA’s Hera spacecraft will rendezvous Didymos four years after the impact. Hera’s instruments will perform the measurements necessary to understand the effect of the DART impact on Didymos’ secondary, in particular its mass, its internal structure, the direct determination of the momentum transfer and the detailed characterization of the crater left by DART. This new knowledge will also provide unique information on many current issues in asteroid science.</p> <p>From small asteroid internal and surface structures, through rubble-pile evolution, impact cratering physics, to the long-term effects of space weathering in the inner Solar System, Hera will have a major impact on many fields. For instance, collisions play a fundamental role in our Solar System history, from planet formation by collisional accretion to cratering of solid surfaces and asteroid family formation by collisional disruption. The fully documented hypervelocity impact experiment provided by DART and Hera will feed collisional models with information obtained at actual asteroid scale and for an impact speed (~6 km/s) that is close to the average impact speed between asteroids in the main belt. Moreover, Hera will perform the first rendezvous with an asteroid binary, characterize the smallest object ever visited (165 m in diameter) and provide the first direct measurement of an asteroid interior. Additionally, studies using Hera data will in turn affect our understanding of the asteroid population as a whole. The scientific legacy of the Hera mission will extend far beyond the core aims of planetary defense.</p> <p>Acknowledgment: The authors acknowledge funding support from ESA and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870377 (project NEO-MAPP), from the European Space Agency and from the French space agency CNES.</p>

scholarly journals On the Impact Monitoring of Near-Earth Objects: Mathematical Tools, Algorithms, and Challenges for the Future

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Giacomo Tommei
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Planetary Protection ◽  
Impact Monitoring ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The Future ◽  
Operational Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Earth Objects

The Impact Monitoring (IM) of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) is a young field of research, considering that 22 years ago precise algorithms to compute an impact probability with the Earth did not exist. On the other hand, the year 2020 just passed saw the increase of IM operational systems: in addition to the two historical systems, CLOMON2 (University of Pisa/SpaceDyS) and Sentry (JPL/NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA) started its own system AstOD. Moreover, in the last five years three systems for the detection of imminent impactors (small asteroidal objects detected a few days before the possible impact with the Earth) have been developed: SCOUT (at JPL/NASA), NEORANGER (at University of Helsinki) and NEOScan (at University of Pisa/SpaceDyS). The IM science, in addition to being useful for the planetary protection, is a very fascinating field of research because it involves astronomy, physics, mathematics and computer science. In this paper I am going to review the mathematical tools and algorithms of the IM science, highlighting the historical evolution and the challenges to be faced in the future.

ESA’s Wind Lidar Mission Aeolus – Instrument Performance and Stability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kanitz ◽  
Benjamin Witschas ◽  
Uwe Marksteiner ◽  
Thomas Flament ◽  
Michael Rennie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Doppler Lidar ◽  
Energy Redistribution ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Explorer Mission ◽  
Wind Lidar ◽  
The Impact

<p>The European Space Agency, ESA deployed the first Doppler wind lidar in space within its Earth Explorer Mission Aeolus in August 2018. After the initial commissioning of the satellite and the single payload ALADIN, the mission has started to demonstrate the capability of Doppler lidar to measure wind from space. In order to provide the best Aeolus wind product possible, detailed monitoring of the instrument is crucial for analysis of system health, but also for the assessment of measurement performance and data product calibration. Within the last 1.2 years the different instrument modes to assess instrument and laser health, as well as the nominal wind processing indicated longterm instrument drifts. The laser beam profile has been monitored and showed an energy redistribution within the beam. The line of sight has slowly drifted, resulting in a change of incidence angle at spectrometer level. The impact of these observed drifts on the wind product are compensated on demand by updates of dedicated ground processing calibration files. This contribution will provide an overview about the Aeolus instrument modes and the observed stability that are needed to provide the Aeolus wind product. The current Aeolus performance has been assessed by various Numerical Weather Prediction centers. The positive outcome is represented by ECMWF’s decision to start using Aeolus data operationally on 9<sup>th</sup> January 2020.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Drought on Soil Moisture Trends across Brazilian Biomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Lopes Ribeiro ◽  
Mario Guevara ◽  
Alma Vázquez-Lule ◽  
Ana Paula Cunha ◽  
Marcelo Zeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Moisture Variability ◽  
Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Agriculture Water

Abstract. Over the past decade, Brazil has experienced severe droughts across its territory, with important implications for soil moisture dynamics. Soil moisture variability has a direct impact on agriculture, water security, and ecosystem services. Nevertheless, there is currently little information on how soil moisture across different biomes respond to drought. In this study, we used satellite soil moisture data from the European Space Agency, from 2009 to 2015, to analyze differences in soil moisture responses to drought for each biome of Brazil: The Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampas and Pantanal. We found an overall soil moisture decline of −0.5 %/year (p 

scholarly journals The impact of the ozone effective temperature on satellite validation using the Dobson spectrophotometer network

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Koukouli ◽  
M. Zara ◽  
C. Lerot ◽  
K. Fragkos ◽  
D. S. Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Post Process ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate an approach for post-processing of the Dobson spectrophotometers total ozone columns [TOCs] in order to compensate for their known stratospheric effective temperature (Teff) dependency and its resulting effect on the usage of the Dobson TOCs for satellite TOCs validation. The Dobson observations employed are those routinely submitted to the World Ozone and UV Data Centre (WOUDC) of the World Meteorological Organization whereas the effective temperatures have been extracted from two sources: the European Space Agency, ESA, Ozone Climate Change Initiative, Ozone-CCI, GODFIT version 3 (GOME-type Direct FITting) algorithm applied to the GOME2/MetopA, GOME2A, observations as well as the one derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) outputs. Both temperature sources are evaluated utilizing co-located Ozonesonde measurements also retrieved from the WOUDC database. Both GODFIT_v3 and ECMWF Teffs are found to be unbiased against the ozonesonde observations and to agree with high correlation coefficients, especially for latitudes characterized by high seasonal variability in Teff. The validation analysis shows that, when applying the GODFIT_v3 effective temperatures in order to post-process the Dobson TOC, the mean difference between Dobson and GOME2A GODFIT_v3 TOCs moves from 0.63 ± 0.66 to 0.26 ± 0.46 % in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1.25 ± 1.20 to 0.80 ± 0.71 % in the Southern Hemisphere. The existing solar zenith angle dependency of the differences has been smoothed out, with near-zero dependency up to the 60 to 65° bin and the highest deviation decreasing from 2.38 ± 6.6 to 1.37 ± 6.4 % for the 80 to 85° bin. We conclude that the global scale validation of satellite TOCs against collocated Dobson measurements benefits from a post-correction using suitably estimated Teffs.

scholarly journals Comparison of dust layer heights from active and passive satellite sensors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arve Kylling ◽  
Sophie Vandenbussche ◽  
Virginie Capelle ◽  
Juan Cuesta ◽  
Lars Klüser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Dust Layer ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Geometrical Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Aerosol layer height is an essential parameter to understand the impact of aerosols on the climate system. As part of the European Space Agency Aerosol_cci project, aerosol layer height as derived from passive thermal and solar satellite sensors measurements, have been compared with aerosol layer heights estimated from CALIOP measurements. The Aerosol_cci project targeted dust type aerosol for this study. This ensures relatively unambiguous aerosol identification by the CALIOP processing chain. Dust layer height was estimated from thermal IASI measurements by four different algorithms (BIRA-IASB, DLR, LMD, LISA) and from solar GOME-2 (KNMI) and SCIAMACHY (IUP) measurements. Due to differences in overpass time of the various satellites, a trajectory model was used to move the CALIOP derived dust heights in space and time to the IASI, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY dust height pixels. It is not possible to construct a unique dust layer height from the CALIOP data. Thus two CALIOP derived layer heights were used: the cumulative extinction height defined to be the height where the CALIOP extinction column is half of the total extinction column; and the geometric mean height which is defined as the geometrical mean of the top and bottom heights of the dust layer. In statistical average over all IASI data there is a general tendency to a positive bias of 0.5–0.8 km against CALIOP extinction-weighted height for three of the four algorithms assessed, while the fourth algorithm has almost no bias. When comparing to geometric mean height there is a shift by −0.5 km for all algorithms (getting close to zero for the three algorithms and turning negative for the fourth). The standard deviation of all algorithms is quite similar and ranges between 1.0 and 1.4 km. When looking at different conditions (day, night, land, ocean) there are is more detail in variabilities (e.g. all algorithms overestimate more at night than at day).

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