A More Secure Image Hiding Scheme Using Pixel Adjustment and Genetic Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Banimelhem ◽  
Lo’ai Tawalbeh ◽  
Moad Mowafi ◽  
Mohammed Al-Batati
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Secret Image ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Image Hiding ◽  
The Difference

This paper proposes a more secure image hiding scheme using Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The security issues of key selection that is used in image hiding are addressed. Thus, a more secure scheme is proposed in order to improve the security as well as the quality of the stego-image. Since GA is a semi-blind algorithm, it may select a key that affects the security. Therefore, the authores improve the security by applying image transformation not only using the GA key, but also using a user key. The user key is used to disarrange the pixel locations of the secret image. Then, the GA, using OPAP, selects the key that maximizes the quality as well as the security of the stego-image. From implementation point of view, the scheme uses a simple and fast transformation method that increases the difference between the secret image and its transformed version. The results showed that the resultant disarranged image cannot be detected, and at the same time the stego-image quality is still high.

scholarly journals Hybrid Image Steganography Method Using LZW and Genetic Algorithm for Hiding Confidential Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkarem Almawgani ◽  
Adam Alhawari ◽  
Wlaed Alarashi ◽  
Ali Alshwal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Cover Image ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Lzw Algorithm

Abstract Digital images are commonly used in steganography due to the popularity of digital image transfer and exchange through the Internet. However, the tradeoff between managing high capacity of secret data and ensuring high security and quality of stego image is a major challenge. In this paper, a hybrid steganography method based on Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform (HDWT), Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) algorithm, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) is proposed. The cover image is divided into non-overlapping blocks of nxn pixels. Then, the HDWT is used to increase the robustness of the stego image against attacks. In order to increase the capacity for, and security of, the hidden image, the LZW algorithm is applied on the secret message. After that, the GA is employed to give the encoded and compressed secret message cover image coefficients. The GA is used to find the optimal mapping function for each block in the image. Lastly, the OPAP is applied to reduce the error, i.e., the difference between the cover image blocks and the stego image blocks. This step is a further improvement to the stego image quality. The proposed method was evaluated using four standard images as covers and three types of secret messages. The results demonstrate higher visual quality of the stego image with a large size of embedded secret data than what is generated by already-known techniques. The experimental results show that the information-hiding capacity of the proposed method reached to 50% with high PSNR (52.83 dB). Thus, the herein proposed hybrid image steganography method improves the quality of the stego image over those of the state-of-the-art methods.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Poetry?

2021 ◽  
pp. 364-380
Author(s):  
Floris Bernard ◽  
Kristoffel Demoen
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Spiritual Dimension ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Moral Point Of View ◽  
The Difference

This chapter gives an overview of how Byzantines conceptualized “poetry.” It argues that from the Byzantine point of view, poetry only differs from prose in a very formal way, namely that it is written in verse. Both prose and poetry belonged to the category of logoi, the only label that was very frequently used, in contrast to the term “poetry,” which was reserved for the ancient poetry studied at schools. Many authors considered (and exploited) the difference between their own prose texts and poems as a primarily formal one. Nevertheless, poetry did have some functions that set it apart from prose, even if these features are for us less expected. The quality of “bound speech” gained a spiritual dimension, since verse was seen as a restrained form of discourse, also from a moral point of view. Finally, the chapter gives a brief overview of the social contexts for which (learned) poetry was the medium of choice: as an inscription, as paratext in a wide sense, as a piece of personal introspection, as invective, as summaries (often of a didactic nature), and as highly public ceremonial pieces.

scholarly journals SYSTEM OF METHODICAL APPROACHES AND METHODS OF COMPLEX MARKETING RESEARCHES IN FOOD ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhama Isgandarova
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Quality Coefficient ◽  
Average Monthly Income ◽  
The Difference

The methodology for assessing the quality of public service at catering firms should be based on a comparison of consumer expectations and perceptions in relation to the service process, that is, the quality coefficient is determined as the difference between perception and expectations. In this case, the quality factor can be determined both by the indicator of interest and by the enterprise as a whole. Consequently, the criteria for assessing the quality of public service at catering establishments must be formed taking into account its type and class. To obtain primary information from consumers, it is necessary to organize and conduct a sociological study. When choosing a method of sociological research, it is advisable to give preference to interviews, since this is a rather flexible method of collecting information, based on direct contact between the interviewer and the respondent. The main advantage of the interview, in comparison with the questionnaire, is the ability to control the perception and understanding of the questions by the respondent; if necessary, the interviewer can explain the questions asked, and also clarify the respondent's point of view with the help of additional questions.When conducting a sociological research by the interview method, the requirements for the formation of a questionnaire are significantly reduced. The list of questions asked to respondents should be expanded with personal questions, the purpose of which is to reflect: age, social status, average monthly income. These questions are necessary to represent the target group of consumers of public catering services.

scholarly journals Perspectives pour la linguistique : de la linguistique descriptive à la linguistique explicative

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Wiesław Banyś
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primitive Elements ◽  
Aim Of Science ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Components ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The text deals with one of the challenges of linguistics, which is to effectively combine description and explanation in linguistics.It is necessary that linguistic theories are not only capable of adequately describing their object of study within their framework, but they must also have a suitable explanatory power.Linguistics centred around the explanation of the why of the system is called here ‘explanatory’ or ‘non-autonomous’, in contrast to ‘descriptive’ or ‘autonomous’ linguistics, which is focused on the description of the system, the distinction being based on the difference in the objects of study, the goals and the descriptive and explanatory possibilities of the theories.From the point of view presented here, a comprehensive study of language has three main components: a general theory of what language is, a resulting theory and description, which is a function of this theory, of how language is organised, functions and has evolved in the human brain, and an explanation of the properties of language found.The explanatory value of a general linguistic theory is a function of various elements, among others, the quantity of the primitive elements of the theory adopted and the effectiveness of Ockham’s razor principle of simplicity. It is also a function of the quality of those elements which can be drawn not only from within the system, but also from outside the system becoming in this situation logically prior to the object under study.In science, in linguistics, one naturally needs two types of approach, two types of linguistics, descriptive/autonomous and explanatory/non-autonomous, one must first describe reality in order to explain it. But it is also certain that since the aim of science is to explain in order to reach that higher level of scientificity above pure description, it is necessary that this aim be realized in different linguistic theories within different research programs, uniting descriptivist and explanatory approaches.

scholarly journals Optimization of Dempster-Shafer’s Believe Value Using Genetic Algorithm for Identification of Plant Diseases Jatropha Curcas

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Triando Hamonangan Saragih ◽  
Wayan Firdaus Mahmudy ◽  
Yusuf Priyo Anggodo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<em><span>Jatropha curcas is a plant that can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel. Lack of knowledge of farmers and the limited number of experts and extension agents into the problem of dealing with the disease Jatropha curcas plant which resulted in lower quality of Jatropha curcas. Dempster-Shafer method can be a solution for decision making based on previous research. The difference in beliefs of every expert in seeing Jatropha diseases are important because Dempster-Shafer can not solve this problem. Optimization using genetic algorithms can solve this problem. Optimization of belief values using genetic algorithms can improve the accuracy of the results of this system are using Dempster-Shafer. On the results of this system provides the highest system accuracy value, opimization of belief values using genetic algorithms gives a more significant result than the use of Dempster-Shafer only.</span></em>

Public interaction with judicial and law enforcement agencies: aspect of legal education

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ostrohliad
Keyword(s):  
Legal Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legal Professions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. The aim of the work is to consider promising directions for reforming legal education in Ukraine, providing for the development of the corresponding conceptual framework. An indication of the gaps in the current legislation on the staffing of the main areas of legal activity. Focusing on the difference between the concepts of “right to education” and “access to a profession”, as well as the need for market regulation of the provision of educational services with the help of independent institutions. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of appropriate conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative, comparative-historical. Results In the course of the study, it was determined that despite the fact that a draft Concept for the Development of Legal Education has been developed, its perfection from the point of view of the prospects for influencing the improvement of the quality of lawyers' training raises many objections. On the basis of a comparative study, it was determined that promising areas for improving the training of lawyers in Ukraine are: the activities of independent agencies to confirm the quality of the services provided, as well as the improvement of regulatory regulation, which implies access to the profession. Originality. In the course of the study, it was established that the improvement of the quality of training of lawyers in Ukraine should occur through natural development: a specially authorized body should establish only compliance with accreditation requirements; the institution of higher education must, taking into account the principle of autonomy, ensure an appropriate level of quality in the provision of educational services; access to certain legal professions requires significant procedural improvements. The draft Concept for the development of legal education at the moment needs substantial revision, as well as to provide an understanding of the impact of previous reform steps in the field of education, cannot be adopted in the near future. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities to improve the norms of the current legislation providing for access to legal professions, as well as for further scientific research of the problems of legal education in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Spectral Graph Wavelet Based Image Steganography Using SVD and Arnold Transform

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1113-1121
Author(s):  
Shikha Chaudhary ◽  
Saroj Hiranwal ◽  
Chandra Prakash Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Secret Image ◽  
Spectral Graph ◽  
Vector Decomposition ◽  
Pixel Correlation

Steganography is the process of concealing sensitive information within cover medium. This study offers an efficient and safe innovative image steganography approach based on graph signal processing (GSP). To scramble the secret image, Arnold cat map transform is used, then Spectral graph wavelet is used to change the cover and scrambled secret image, followed by singular vector decomposition (SVD) of the modified cover image. To create the stego image, an alpha blending process is used. To produce the stego image, GSP-based synthesis is used. By maintaining the inter-pixel correlation, GSP improves the visual quality of the produced stego image. The effects of image processing attacks on the suggested approach are examined. The investigational results and assessment indicate that the proposed steganography scheme is more efficient and robust in terms of quality measures. The quality of stego image is evaluated in respect of PSNR, NCC, SC and AD performance metrics.

scholarly journals A Model for Evaluating Specifications Quality of Projects of Consulting Services

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hossam Toma ◽  
Mohamed Alharth
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Consulting Services ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Engineering Projects

The quality specifications are the first initiative for building a notable partnership between the owner and the contractor of the project to manage a successful project. Specifications’ writing is one of the greatest challenges, where specifications play an important role in obtaining quality deliverables of the project. Specifications of the Projects of Consulting Services (PCSs) are different from specifications of engineering projects due to the difference in the characteristics between the consulting projects and engineering projects. This paper represents a model developed for evaluating the quality of the specifications of the PCSs from the consultant point of view. Owing to the great influence of the specifications on preparing good technical and financial proposals for the projects, the relation between the evaluation degree of specifications and the risk values added to estimate the price of the contracts is also discussed. The model is tested using data of 20 consulting projects.

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