Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 – 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p < 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p < 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.

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Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5supl1p2397 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽

pp. 2397

Author(s):

Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽

Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽

Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽

Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos ◽

Giovanne Oliveira Costa Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Sorghum Silage

he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.

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Quality of sorghum silage in the feed-out period: evaluation of hybrids, silo layers, and mass structure

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1809-6891v22e-68298 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Mikael Neumann ◽

Egon Henrique Horst ◽

João Restle ◽

Eduardo Rodrigues de Almeida ◽

André Martins de Souza

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Fermentation Quality ◽

Sorghum Silage

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and fermentation quality of silage from two sorghum hybrids in different layers of the silo feed-out face, as well as the interference of the aerobic exposure time of structured and/or unstructured silo face (after feed-out). The AG-2005E hybrid silage presented higher crude protein content and higher pH compared to hybrid AG-60298 (6.33% and 4.0 versus 6.06% and 3.8, respectively). Silages from stratum 0 to 20cm had the lowest dry matter content and the highest crude protein content (38% and 6.35%, respectively). The pH did not differ between layers, and the NH3 content was higher in the stratum 60 to 80cm (4.5%). During 72 hours of aerobic exposure, the unstructured silage presented a higher increase in temperature than the silage from the structured face, but this period was not enough to result in differences in dry matter, mineral matter, NH3, and pH. The chemical and fermentation quality of the silage was directly influenced by hybrid and silo stratum. After aerobic exposure, silage from the structured face seems to suffer less interference compared to the silo feed-out face.

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PSXI-35 Effects of cultivation stage and supplementation level of sprouted barley on nutrient content and fermentation quality of fermented diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.800 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 402-403

Author(s):

Hyuk jun lee ◽

Young Ho Joo ◽

Seong Shin Lee ◽

Jong Ho Park ◽

Tae Il Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Microbial Counts ◽

Fermentation Quality

Abstract This study was aimed to estimate the effect of cultivation stage and supplementation level of sprouted barley (SB) on nutrient content and fermentation quality of fermented total mixed ration (TMR). The SB were collected at day 6 (SB6) and day 8 (SB8) of cultivation stages and substituted at 5% (TMR5) and 10% (TMR10) of TMR on dry matter (DM) basis. These TMR were ensiled into 10 L mini silo (3 kg) for 14 days in triplicate. After silo open, sample (1 kg) was collected for laboratory analysis. Before ensiling, crude protein (CP) was lower (P = 0.012) in SB6 than in SB8. Additionally, DM in TMR10 was slightly lower (P = 0.015) than in TMR5 while CP and acid detergent fiber were higher (P < 0.05). After fermentation, crude ash (P = 0.002), in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) (P = 0.001; 73.5 vs. 72.0%) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) (P = 0.001; 50.6 vs. 47.7%) were higher in SB6 than in SB8. Additionally, DM (P = 0.002; 64.0 vs. 64.5) in TMR10 was lower than in TMR5, while CP (P = 0.005; 19.7 vs. 18.9%), IVDMD (P = 0.001; 74.5 vs. 71.0%), and IVNDFD (P = 0.001; 52.0 vs. 46.3%) were higher. Fermentation indices and microbial counts were not affected by cultivation stage of SB, except on propionate that higher (P = 0.014) in SB8 than SB6. Silage pH (P = 0.001) was lower in TMR10 than in TMR5, which followed by higher lactate (P = 0.003; 3.27 vs. 2.85%), acetate (P = 0.004; 0.52 vs. 0.42%), propionate (P < 0.001), and LAB count (P = 0.020; 7.49 vs. 7.19%). The interaction effects between cultivation stage and supplementation level only found on propionate production (P = 0.001). Yeast and mold were not affected by cultivation stage and supplementation level of SB. This study concluded SB6 was recommended to improve fermentation quality of fermented diet, and its application on TMR10 could increase not only rumen digestibility but also fermentation indices.

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Effects of Class IIa Bacteriocin-Producing Lactobacillus Species on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Alfalfa Silage

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10091575 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1575

Author(s):

Fuhou Li ◽

Zitong Ding ◽

Adegbola T. Adesogan ◽

Wencan Ke ◽

Yun Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Fermentation Quality ◽

Alfalfa Silage

The effects of two strains of class IIa bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus delbrueckii F17 and Lactobacillus plantarum (BNCC 336943), or a non-bacteriocin Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 (NCIMB 40027), on fermentation quality, microbial counts, and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage were investigated. Alfalfa was harvested at the initial flowering stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of approximately 32%, and chopped to 1 to 2 cm length. Chopped samples were treated with nothing (control, CON), Lactobacillus delbrueckii F17 (F17), Lactobacillus plantarum (BNCC 336943) (LPB), or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 (NCIMB 40027) (LPN), each at an application rate of 1 × 106 colony-forming units/g of fresh weight. Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags packed with 500 g of fresh alfalfa per bag and ensiled at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. The samples were then subjected to an aerobic stability test after 60 days of ensiling. Compared with the CON silage, the inoculants reduced the pH after 14 days of ensiling. After 60 days, pH was lowest in the LPB-treated silage, followed by the F17 and LPN-treated silages. Inoculation of F17 increased concentrations of lactic acid in silages fermented for 7, 14, 30, and 60 days relative to other treatments, except for the LPN-treated silages ensiled for 30 and 60 days, in which the lactic acid concentrations were similar to that of F17 silage. Application of F17 and LPB decreased the number of yeast and mold relative to CON and LPN-treated silages. Compared with the CON silage, inoculant-treated silages had greater aerobic stability, water-soluble carbohydrate, and crude protein concentrations, and lower neutral detergent fiber, amino acid nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The LPB-treated silage had the greatest aerobic stability followed by the F17-treated silage. Both class IIa bacteriocin producing inoculants improved alfalfa silage fermentation quality, reduced the growth of yeasts and molds, and improved the aerobic stability of the ensiled forage to a greater extent than the proven LPN inoculant. However, higher crude protein concentration and lower ammonia nitrogen concentration were observed in LPN-treated silage relative to other treatments.

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Chemical characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbiological counts in corn silage re-ensiled with bacterial inoculant

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018000900008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (9) ◽

pp. 1045-1052

Author(s):

Mateus Merlo Coelho ◽

Lúcio Carlos Gonçalves ◽

José Avelino Santos Rodrigues ◽

Kelly Moura Keller ◽

Gustavo Vinícius de Souza dos Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Whole Plant

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of re-ensiling and bacterial inoculation on the quality of corn silage. The experiment was carried out in a 2x2 factorial design with or without inoculant (association of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici), and with re-ensiling after 36 hours of aerobic exposure or only ensiling of the whole plant of 'BRS 1055' corn. The fermentative quality, nutritional parameters, dry matter losses, aerobic stability, and microbiological counts of silages were evaluated. Re-ensiling caused an increase of pH and in acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations, as well as in the dry matter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber crude protein contents. Conversely, there was a reduction in the nonfiber carbohydrates concentration and in in vitro dry matter digestibility for the re-ensiled material. All changes were explained by the higher-effluent production and DM loss of re-ensiled material that was subjected to two compactions. Microbiology was not altered by the treatments. The use of inoculant altered ash content, but it did not influence other parameters. In contrast, re-ensiling after 36 hours of aerobic exposure caused a reduction in the nutritive value of corn silage and accentuated the DM losses.

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Determination of Quality and Chemical Composition of Silages Obtained from Narbonne Vetch (Vicia narbonensis) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Composition

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-545 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nizamettin Turan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Vicia Narbonensis ◽

Feed Value

Research was conducted to determine the quality and chemical composition of silages obtained by mixing in different ratios of narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in rabi season of 2017-2018 in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the study we studied the pure sowings of barley and narbonne vetch and their mixtures (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80% of narbonne vetch (N) + 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20% of barley (B). The values of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), DDM (digestible dry matter), DMI (dry matter intake), DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein) and RFV (relative feed value) of silages of analyzed were respectively 33.38, 33.73, 62.89, 3.57, 24.69, 15.50%, 174.64. We also founded that LA (lactic acid), AA (acetic acid), BA (butyric acid), PA (propionic acid) and Ca, P, Mg, K and pH of silages investigated were respectively 1.60, 0.57, 0.42, 0.06, 1.17, 0.53, 0.25, 3.51% and 3.80. Our results shows that silages with high narbonne vetch were higher quality values for CP, ADF, NDF, DM, RFV, DDM, DMI, Ca, Mg, LA which determined chemical composition and feeding quality of silages. As a result, it is suggested that mixture silages with narbonne vetch (80%) and the barley ratio (20%) have important advantages for some properties of silages.

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Alfalfa Protein Concentrate as a Less Ruminally Degradable Protein Source for High-Producing Dairy Cows

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] ◽

10.24200/jams.vol2iss0pp31-35 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

C.D. Lu ◽

NA. Jorgensen

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Net Energy ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Dietary Nitrogen

Ten multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 105-day continuous feeding trial to compare soybean meal (SBM) and alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) as supplemental protein sources for high-producing dairy cows. Dairy cows with an average milk production of 35.2 kg/day were paired and randomly assigned to one of the treatments. A double reversal design was employed With 35 days per period. The comparison between treatments was made during the last 21 days of each period. Experimental diets, containing 60% corn silage and 10% alfalfa hay, were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (crude protein. 15.6%; net energy tor lactation, 1.60 Mcal/kg DM). Fifty percent of dietary nitrogen was provided by test proteins. Animals were fed four times daily. Chromie oxide boluses, 50 g/day were used to estimate digestion coefficients. Ruminal protein degradability in viva (%) and in situ(%)were 56.8, 68.3 and 47.3. 35.3 for SBM and APC, respectively. Dry matter intake (kg/day) was 19.1 and 18.6 for cows fed SBM and APC. respectively. Rummal parameters cows fed SBM vs APC were, pH. 6.6 vs 6.7, ammonia nitrogen(mg/dI) 10.8 vs 6.2(p less than 0.01); total volatile fatty acids (mM), 86.3 VS 84.6(P LESS THAN 0.05), acetate (%) , 50.8 vs 64.9 (p less than 0.01); propionate dry matter , 65.3 vs 61.8; crude protein . 67.6 vs 61.1 (P less than 0.05 ) neutral detergent fiber , 51.1 vs 52.5 ; acid detergent fiber, 47.7 vs 49.0 . A slightly higher (P more than 0.05 ) amount of milk was produced by cows fed APC(28.6+_ 3.5 vs 28.2+- 3.8 kg/day). Each additional gramof undergradable intake protein provided by APC continued to a 5- gram increase in 4% fat-corrected milk production.

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Use of babassu cake and pineapple byproduct silage in the diets of feedlot sheep

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 795-808

Author(s):

Ernestina Ribeiro Santos Neta ◽

◽

Daiany Iris Gomes ◽

Luis Rennan Sampaio Oliveira ◽

Rafael Mezzomo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Babassu Cake

This study evaluated the use of babassu cake as a replacement for soybean meal and pineapple byproduct silage as roughage in the diets of feedlot sheep. Ten rumen-fistulated sheep were used and distributed in an experimental design consisting of two 5 x 5 Latin squares. Babassu cake replaced soybean meal at four concentration levels (0, 26.66, 53.33, and 80%), and pineapple byproduct silage was used as roughage. A treatment was also evaluated in which elephant grass silage was used as roughage and corn and soybean meal were used as the concentrate. No effect of babassu cake as a replacement for soybean meal on dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber, or crude protein was observed. Higher babassu cake replacement levels in the diets resulted in linear reductions in the digestibility of the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, nonfiber carbohydrates and total carbohydrates. For the digestibility of the crude protein, no effect was observed after the addition of babassu cake. The replacement levels of the babassu cake had no effect on the intake and retention of the daily nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and ruminal pH. Babassu cake could replace soybean meal at concentrations of up to 80% when the roughage source was pineapple byproduct silage. Compared with elephant grass silage, pineapple byproduct silage improves nutrient intake and digestibility and nitrogen intake, retention, and absorption without compromising the ruminal pH or ammonia nitrogen of feedlot sheep.

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DETERMINATION OF HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF DIFFERENT SOYBEAN VARIETIES

Current Trends in Natural Sciences ◽

10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i20.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (20) ◽

pp. 13-18

Author(s):

Yasin Akinci ◽

Mahmut Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soybean Cultivars ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Herbage Yield ◽

Effect On Yield

Objectives of the present study are to determine the variations in forage yield and quality of soybean cultivars. Experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during the growing season of 2016. A total of 10 cultivars were used as the plant material of the experiments (Bravo, A3127, Traksoy, İlksoy, Mersoy, Nova, SA-88, Arısoy, Safir, Atakişi). Cultivars had a significant effect on yield and chemical composition. Results revealed that green herbage yields varied between 826.39 - 1199.17 kg/da, dry hay yields between 247.71 - 357.90 kg/da, crude protein yields between 16.91 - 39.86 kg/da, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratios between 26.56 - 34.61%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios between 38.43 - 44.85%, crude ash contents between 7.20 - 11.22%, crude protein contents between 6.66 - 13.53%, dry matter digestibility (DDM) values between 61.94 - 68.21%, dry matter intake (DMI) values between 2.68 - 3.12% and relative feed values (RFV) between 2.68 - 3.12. The results of the study showed that A3127 cultivar was found to be prominent with green herbage yield (1199.17 kg/da) and dry hay yield (357.90 kg/da) and Safir cultivar was found to be prominent with crude protein yield (39.86 kg/da). It was concluded that the soybean cultivars A3127 and Safir could be recommended for hay production.

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Sugarcane Production Based on Mineral and Organic Nitrogen Fertilizers for Ruminant Feeding

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i2.17097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Elane Tyara de Jesus Siqueira ◽

Rosane Claudia Rodrigues ◽

José Roberto Brito Freitas ◽

André Da Silva Alves ◽

Zinaldo Firmino da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Swine Manure ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

N Sources

Sugarcane may be a potential feed source for ruminants in tropical and subtropical areas. An important factor that can influence the nutritional quality of sugarcane for animal feeding is nitrogen fertilization management, however, studies on this subject are still scarce. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources on the quality and productivity of sugarcane as a forage resource. The variety of sugarcane used was RB92579, with application of nitrogen (N) sources (urea, poultry litter, swine manure) and control (without N application). Stalk productivity and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, Brix, NDF / Brix ratio, and in situ digestibility were analyzed during incubation periods of 6, 24, and 72 hours. At the end of the study, it was found that the N sources did not interfere with sugarcane stalk productivity (P> 0.05), with an average productivity of 102 t ha-1. The N treatments did not influence (P> 0.05) in the nutritional quality of sugarcane, when evaluating the contents of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, Brix and NDF / Brix ratio. The dry matter degradation had an effect (P <0.05) for the different N sources and incubation times, where poultry litter and swine manure treatments showed higher values for degradation at 72 hours of incubation. The different N organic sources did not interfere in the chemical composition and productivity of the sugarcane culture, however it presented better results in the in situ degradability of the dry matter. This, it can be recommended that mineral nitrogen fertilizers can be replaced by organic fertilizers.

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