Influence of the functional traits of seeds on germination dynamics and morphofunctional pattern of the seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e52154
Author(s):  
Anderson Polli ◽  
Mariza Barion Romagnolo ◽  
Luis Antonio de Souza ◽  
Lindamir Hernandez Pastorini
Keyword(s):  
Organic Substrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dispersal Syndromes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Biometric Measurements ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Semideciduous Seasonal Forest

Aiming to compare morphofunctional features related to dispersion and establishment of plants, this study evaluated seed biometry and biomass, as well as germination and emergence potential in eight plant species native to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. Biometric measurements and biomass of seeds were obtained with a caliper and a precision scale. Afterwards, they were subjected to a germination test in BOD chambers under constant temperature and 12 hours photoperiod, and sown in styrofoam trays containing organic substrate and sand, kept in full sunlight. Data from germination and emergence was subjected to cluster analysis, according to the functional morphotype of the seedling. Most species presented seeds with a rounded shape, uniform staining at the mature stage, varied coat consistency, two types of dispersal syndromes (anemochory and zoochory) and four morphofunctional patterns in developing seedlings (crypto-hypogeal-storers, crypto-epigeal-storers, phanero-epigeal-storers and phanero-epigeal-foliaceous). The species belonging to group I (Albizia niopoides, Cedrela fissilis, Pterogyne nitens and Randia ferox) have foliaceous photosynthetic cotyledons and group II (Cabralea canjerana, Eugenia pyriformis, Inga laurina and Poecilanthe parviflora) have a reserve cotyledon. Species of group I had higher means in the percentage and rate of germination, less variability and amplitude of days for seedlings emergence. On the other hand, species of group II showed higher mean values in seed biometry and biomass. Thus, seeds with foliaceous cotyledons have an optimized development because of luminosity, whereas seeds with reserve tend to have slower development, remaining at the seedling stage for a longer time.

Seasonal variations in wool growth and heat tolerance of sheep. I. Wool growth

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wodzicka
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference

The monthly wool growth of three groups of rams was studied at Beltsville, Maryland. Group I received natural daylight (at 38° 53' N.) and was shorn monthly. Group II had a 7:17 hours of daylight to hours of darkness rhythm and was shorn every 6 months, once in winter and once in summer. Group III received natural daylight and was likewise shorn every 6 months. The rams of all groups produced more wool in summer than in winter. This difference was significant (P<0.001). The mean body weight and food intake were both greater in the winter months, which indicated that the seasonal rhythm of wool growth was not a consequence of poorer feeding in winter. The rams which were shorn monthly (group I) grew considerably more wool than the other two groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The short-day treatment of group II did not increase the annual wool production nor decrease the seasonal rhythm of wool growth. The balance of evidence from this and other experiments indicates that temperature rather than light controls the seasonal rhythm of wool growth.

scholarly journals Sędziowski wymiar kary za przestępstwa zagrożone identycznymi sankcjami w świetle danych statystycznych

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Aneta Michalska-Warias
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Freedom ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Group Ii

<p>The article is devoted to the analysis of court punishment practice in the case of offences which have the same statutory punishment. Three groups of such offences are selected: offences punished with imprisonment from 2 to 12 years (group I), offences punished with imprisonment from 3 months to 5 years (group II) and offences punished with imprisonment from 1 month to 3 years (group III). Most of the analysed offences belonged to the group of offences against freedom (including sexual freedom) and the other chosen offences were against other socially cherished values were those quite popular in practice (therefore, the statistical data in their cases are quite representative). The analysed year was 2016. The starting hypothesis was that offences which have identical punishments in the Criminal Code (which means that the lawmaker perceives them as socially harmful in a similar way) will not be treated in such a similar way in practice and in all groups there would be offences which would be punished with visibly more severe and lighter punishments. Detailed analysis of statistical data referring to punishments imposed for the discussed offences confirmed the initial hypothesis, showing also the already known fact that courts tend to impose punishments which are closer to the minimum than to the maximum provided by the lawmaker.</p>

scholarly journals Fracture resistance and 3D finite element analysis of machined ceramic crowns bonded to endodontically treated molars with two planes versus flat occlusal preparation designs: an in vitro study

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1020
Author(s):  
Omnia Nabil ◽  
Carl Hany Halim ◽  
Ashraf Hassan Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
3D Finite Element ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Preparation Design ◽  
Distribution Of Stresses

Background: The flat occlusal preparation design (FOD) of posterior teeth offers promising results of fracture resistance and stress distribution, but its application in vital teeth is limited as there may be a danger of pulp injury. Although this danger is omitted in endodontically treated teeth, there is no research work assessing the impact of FOD on the fracture resistance and distribution of stresses among these teeth. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of FOD of endodontically treated molars on the fracture resistance and distribution of stresses among a ceramic crown-molar structure when compared to the two planes occlusal preparation design (TOD). Methods: 20 human mandibular molars were endodontically treated and distributed equally to two groups: Group I (TOD) and Group II (FOD). Ceramic CAD/CAM milled lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) crowns were produced for all preparations and adhered using self-adhesive resin cement. Using a universal testing machine, the fracture resistance test was performed. The fractured samples were examined using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope to determine modes of failure. Stress distribution was evaluated by 3D finite element analysis, which was performed on digital models of endodontically treated mandibular molars (one model for each design). Results: Group II recorded statistically non-significant higher fracture resistance mean values (3107.2± 604.9 N) than Group I mean values (2962.6 ±524.27 N) as indicated by Student’s t-test (t=0.55, p= 0.57). Also, Group II resulted in more favorable failure mode as compared to Group I. Both preparation designs yielded low von-Mises stresses within the factor of safety. However, the stress distribution among different layers of the model differed. Conclusions: FOD having comparable fracture strength to TOD and a more favorable fracture behavior can be used for the preparation of endodontically treated molars.

Acoustic Rhinometry of Asian Noses

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn ◽  
Perapun Jareoncharsri ◽  
Siriporn Voraprayoon ◽  
Chaweewan Bunnag ◽  
Peter A. Clement
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Acoustic Rhinometry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Thai Subjects ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Female Subjects

Background Each ethnic group has different nasal cavity geometries. The reference value of the minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) and the nasal volume (NV) is mandatory for rhinologic evaluation in regular practice and for research. This study was designed to study the normal value of acoustic rhinometry (AR) in Asian subjects in comparison with other ethnic groups. Methods AR was performed in 135 healthy Thai subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups: group I, with normal anterior rhinoscopic appearance; group II included subjects with asymptomatic, slightly deviated nasal septa. Results The mean of the MCA was 0.61 ± 0.60 cm2 before decongestion and 0.64 ± 0.14 cm2 after decongestion. The mean distance from the nostril to the point of MCA (D) was 1.66 ± 0.59 cm before decongestion and 1.41 ± 0.74 cm after decongestion. The mean of the NV measured between 0 and 4 cm was 3.66 ± 0.67 cm3 before decongestion and 4.18 ± 0.75 cm3 after decongestion. Before decongestion, there were no significant differences in the mean of the MCA, D, and NV between group I and group II subjects; however, there were significant differences in mean MCA and NV after decongestion. There were no differences in the parameters between male and female subjects before decongestion, except for the D, but after decongestion the mean values of the MCA, D, and NV were significantly higher in male subjects compared with female subjects. Conclusion The results of this study can be used as a reference value for Asian ethnicities. Thai subjects had measurements comparable with those of the European study and somewhat different from the study in black populations.

A note on the effect of weaning age on lamb production

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-572
Author(s):  
M. A. Sharafeldin ◽  
I. A. Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYAt birth, the Barki lambs used in this experiment were randomly allocated to three groups which numbered 133, 126 and 154 lambs of both sexes weaned at the ages of 10 weeks (Group I), 12 weeks (Group II) and 16 weeks (Group III) respectively.The most pronounced differences between the three groups of lambs in their body weights took place at the age from 4 to 6 months. Group II lambs performed as well as or even slightly better than the other two groups, which leads to the conclusion that as far as the body weight of lambs is concerned there is no need to extend their suckling period more than 12 weeks.The three groups of lambs varied little in their mortality rates from 2·5 to 12 months of age.

scholarly journals Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species from aminophenols and diaminobenzenes

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
S Chaskes ◽  
R L Tyndall
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Pigmentation Pattern ◽  
Unique Pattern ◽  
Group I ◽  
Cryptococcus Species ◽  
Group Ii

Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species can produce pigment(s) from many aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds. Pigment production from these compounds is similar to the conversion of diphenols to melanin by C. neoformans. Several pigmentation patterns (resulting in the identification or grouping of Cryptococcus species) have been observed by using diaminobenzene and aminophenol compounds as substrates. The most common pigmentation pattern observed was pigment production by both C. neoformans and C. terreus. In contrast to the diphenols, only two aminophenols (4-hydroxymetanilamide and 3-aminotyrosine) were found to be highly specific as substrates. They allowed only C. neoformans to produce pigment. When 4-aminosalicylic acid was the substrate, a unique pattern was observed because only C. terreus, C. diffluens, and C. albidus produced pigment. Finally, a pattern was observed in which C. neoformans produced large amounts of pigment from aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds, whereas the other Cryptococcus species produced smaller amounts. A simplified scheme with three substrates resulted in the identification of C. terreus and C. neoformans as well as two groups of other Cryptococcus species, group I (C. albidus and C. diffluens) and group II (C. laurentii and C. luteolus).

Short-term vestibular responses to repeated rotations

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Seung Cheol Ahn ◽  
Chae Yong Lee ◽  
Dong Wook Kim ◽  
Moo Hoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Group I ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Sinusoidal Rotations

To investigate the short-term vestibular habituation, we performed the 4 successive velocity step tests on 28 volunteers, the peak velocity of which was 100 deg/sec with acceleration and deceleration of 100 deg / sec 2 . As the repeated rotations might alter the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), sinusoidal rotations at a frequency of 0.16 Hz were also given before and after the 4 successive velocity step tests to investigate the changes of gain and phase of VOR. The 28 volunteers were divided into two groups, group I and II, according to their responses to repeated rotations. In group I (25 subjects, mean age 23.7 year), the mean values of the slow cumulative eye position (SCEP), the time integral of eye velocity during nystagmus, was reduced after each trial of the 4-successive velocity step tests as follows; 403.4 ± 29 degree (1st trial), 346.2 ± 37 degree (2nd trial), 278.3 ± 33 degree (3rd trial) and 256.6 ± 36 degree (4th trial). The time constant of the nystagmus was also reduced as follows; 12.9 ± 0.78 second (1st trial), 12 ± 0.63 second (2nd trial), 9.7 ± 0.78 second (3rd trial) and 9.9 ± 0.54 second (4th trial). In group II (3 subjects, mean age 28.3 year), the mean values of SCEP gradually increased; 774.3 ± 135 degree (1st trial), 1127 ± 178 degree (2nd trial), 1096.3 ± 123.4 degree (3rd trial) and 1225.7 ± 199.7 degree (4th trial). The time constant of the nystagmus increased; 15.7 ± 2.7 second (1st trial), 22 ± 4.5 second (2nd trial), 22.3 ± 3.3 second (3rd trial) and 23.3 ± 5.7 second (4th trial). The gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) induced by sinusoidal rotations at a frequency 0.16 Hz increased in both groups: 0.59 ± 0.03 to 0.78 ± 0.06 (group I) and 0.65 ± 0.07 to 1.15 ± 0.06 (group II). Phase changes were also observed. In group I, the phase was shifted from 0.6 ± 0.6 degree to − 0.40 ± 0.6 degree. In group II, the phase was shifted from 3.67 ± 1.86 degree to − 0.33 ± 0.33 degree. The repeated rotation did not induce a common nystagmic response in all subjects. Thus, person to person variations should be considered in short term vestibular habituation.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Rake
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
Susceptible Animal ◽  
Group I ◽  
Marked Diminution ◽  
Group Ii

Of the three studies which have been reported in this paper, the most thorough and therefore the most instructive was that made upon the Rockefeller Institute group of 24 individuals. The ten carriers discovered in this group were found to fall into three categories; namely, chronic, intermittent and transient carriers. It is, perhaps, a matter for surprise, in view of the weight of evidence in the literature, that half of the carriers should appear in the chronic group, being constantly affected for periods over 2 years and continuing to carry throughout this period what was, to all tests, the same strain of microorganism. It has been shown that no claim of relief from the carrier condition can be based on three consecutive negative swabs at weekly intervals since apparent spontaneous "cures," as evidenced by negative swabs, may last for 4½ months and finally be terminated by the reappearance of the same strain as that carried before. The effect of coryza and pharyngitis on the persistence and degree of the meningococcal infection has been studied and, while the results are scanty, indications have been found that coryza, unassociated with any increase in numbers of the nasopharyngeal pathogens or streptococci, causes no change in the number of meningococci present in the throat. On the other hand, a streptococcal pharyngitis or any infection in which other throat pathogens increase greatly in number is usually associated with a marked diminution or actual disappearance, whether temporary or permanent, of the meningococci from the nasopharynx. This is in accordance with the work of Colebrook and Gordon. Of the 26 carrier strains which were isolated in these three groups of individuals, only eight could be identified with Gordon's four types which are isolated from the majority of cases of meningitis. It is considered as certain, however, that the other 18 strains are to be regarded as true meningococci. Not only do they show the same cultural characteristics and fermentative reactions as the typical strains, but serological tests, especially that of absorption, have revealed that they are allied to the two main types, I-III and II, and can be regarded as belonging to the broad serological Groups I and II which include these typical Gordon types. Moreover, atypical Type II* strains, identical with those isolated from the nasopharynx of carriers, have recently been found to be the cause of two cases of frank cerebrospinal fever. Only five of the 26 strains belong to Group I while the other 21 are members of Group II. This is interesting in view of the work of Scott who found that Group II strains predominate in carriers during interepidemic periods like the present. In periods of epidemics the carrier strains from both contacts and noncontacts in the epidemic zone are more often of Group I and even more constantly tend to be of the typical Gordon types rather than atypical forms. As has been pointed out in an earlier paper (35), the viability of these carrier strains when planted in defibrinated rabbit blood is low as compared to the typical and freshly isolated meningitis strains. The exact significance of this fact is not known. It has not been possible up to the present to do comparative virulence tests between spinal fluid and nasopharyngeal strains owing to the absence of a sufficiently susceptible animal.

scholarly journals Effects of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) Leaf Extract on Growth Performance and Fecal Microflora of Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Shengzhang Shui ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Yingyu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽  
Fecal Microflora ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

The paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids, which has high medicinal and feeding value. We aimed to analyze the effects of B. papyrifera leaf extract on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune functions, and fecal microflora of weaned piglets. Thirty healthy, 28-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three groups and fed with a basal diet supplemented with 0, 150, and 300 g/t B. papyrifera leaf extract for 42 days (control group, group I, and group II) separately. The result revealed that the final weight of piglets in group II was higher than the other groups, and the diarrhea rate in this group was 62.9% lower than in the control group. The feed conversion ratio in group I was significantly lower than the other two groups. Higher blood urine nitrogen concentration was noted in group II, higher glutathione peroxidase and catalase in group II, higher superoxide dismutase in the control group, and higher immune globulins (Ig) IgG, IgA, and IgM in group II. There was no significant difference in community richness and community diversity among the three groups of fecal samples. The relative level of Roseburia was higher in groups I and II, while Lactobacillus was higher in the control group. In conclusion, supplementation with B. papyrifera leaf extract at a certain dosage can increase growth performance and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets, reduce the occurrence of diarrhea, enhance immune functions and disease resistance, and affect the composition of fecal microflora.

The Coloration of Gladiolus I. Survey of Anthocyanins in Petals of Gladiolus

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naaman Akavia ◽  
Dieter Strack ◽  
Avner Cohen
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Pigment Composition ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract The six common anthocyanidins found in Gladiolus petals occur in four types of glycosilation: 3-glucoside, 3-rhamnoglucoside, 3,5-diglucoside, and 3-rhamnoglucoside-5-glucoside. The six monoglucosides appear in minute quantities, whereas any of the other 18 anthocyanins can serve as the major contributor to the coloration of Gladiolus petals. In high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of petal pigment composition of nine cultivars, it was found that the anthocyanins are grouped on the basis of the aglycon substitution. Thus, pelargonidin appears by itself (group I), cyanidin and peonidin constitute group II, and delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin group III.

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