Investigation of the Relative Gas Volume in the Discharge Gap when Using Water in Oil Emulsion as Dielectric

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 1715-1718
Author(s):  
Yan Zhen Zhang ◽  
Yong Hong Liu ◽  
Ren Jie Ji ◽  
Bao Ping Cai
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Discharge Energy ◽  
Current Pulse Duration ◽  
Dielectric Parameters ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Discharge Gap ◽  
Edm Process

The gas presented in the discharge gap which was generated by the decomposition and vaporization of the dielectric due to the extremely high temperature in the EDM process plays an important role in the aspect of EDM performance. In this paper, the relative gas volume in the discharge gap is investigated when water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion was used as dielectric. Parameters, such as peak current, pulse duration, water content of the W/O emulsion were researched. Experimental results show that the relative gas volume in the discharge gap was significantly affected by discharge energy. Besides the discharge energy, water content of W/O emulsion is another significant factor that affects the gas volume in the discharge gap.

scholarly journals WEATHERING EXPERIMENT ON SPILLED CRUDE OILS USING A CIRCULATING WATER CHANNEL

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 435-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Tsukihara
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

ABSTRACT Crude oil spilled in the sea is mixed with the sea water by the wind and waves resulting in increases in its water content and viscosity as time passes. We have constructed a small, transfer type circulating water channel of an elliptical cuit-track form. Using an attached circulating unit, together with a war tunnel, artificial waves are generated to enable simulation corresponding to the natural circumstances in the sea. The experiment disclosed the following results.Drastic changes in the properties (water content and viscosity) of the oil depend on the power of waves.Contrasting processes are observed between heavy and light crude oils during weathering.Heavy crude oils form a massive water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) with increases in both water content and viscosity.Light crude oils behave differently at summer sea temperatures,

Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Flame Spread Over Water-in-Oil Emulsions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam M. Thatte ◽  
Anil K. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Heating Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Emulsion Oil ◽  
Rough Sea

Flame spread characteristics are studied for water-in-oil emulsion layers floating on top of a water body — similar to a scenario in which an accidental oil spill occurs in open, rough sea. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed and numerical solution is obtained for the ignition and flame spread process which takes into account the emulsion break up into oil and water due to heating, oil vaporization, combustion of oil vapor mixed with air in open atmosphere, radiative and convective heat feed back from flames to the condensed phase (consisting of emulsion, oil, and water), and continuation of the emulsion breaking resulting in flame spread till the oil is consumed. Numerical results are compared with experiments conducted on Arabian Medium Crude oil emulsions made with up to 20% weathered oil (light fraction evaporated, by volume), having up to 50% water content in the emulsions. The flame spread rate decreased as the water content and the weathering level increased, with a reasonable agreement between experiments and model. The long term objective of this work is to assist the application of in situ burning as a measure for the cleanup of weathered and emulsified oils.

scholarly journals Comparison of NOx and Smoke Characteristics of Water-in-Oil Emulsion and Marine Diesel Oil in 400-kW Marine Generator Engine

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungmo Oh ◽  
Myeonghwan Im ◽  
Seungjin Oh ◽  
Changhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

Currently, the exhaust gas of a ship is regulated for nitrogen oxides and sulphur compounds; however, there is no IMO regulation on smoke under discussion. This study investigated the reduction of exhaust gas through ship emulsion fuel, which can simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides and smoke in ship engines before smoke regulations are established. The combustion and exhaust characteristics were investigated according to the moisture content of emulsion fuel using a 400-kW generator engine. As the water content of the emulsion and the temperature of the combustion chamber increase, micro explosion increases and the combustion period decreases. The nitrogen oxide and smoke from the emulsion fuel used in this study decreased by 7% and 75%, respectively. The nitrogen oxides and soot reductions obtained by the use of emulsion fuel were boosted by micro-explosion of water contained in the fuel during combustion.

scholarly journals Water-In-Oil Emulsion as Boiler Fuel for Reduced NOx Emissions and Improved Energy Saving

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Yao Hsuan ◽  
Shuhn-Shyurng Hou ◽  
Yun-Li Wang ◽  
Ta-Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Low Sulfur

An experimental system for observing the drop vaporization and microexplosion characteristics of emulsified droplets in high-temperature environments was conducted to analyze the effects of environmental temperature, droplet size, and water content on droplet behavior. In addition, emulsified low-sulfur heavy fuel oil (HFO) with a 20 vol% water content and pure low-sulfur HFO were used as fuels for burning in an industrial boiler under normal operating conditions. The results showed that by using an emulsified HFO with a 20 vol% water content, the boiler efficiency can be improved by 2%, and that a reduction of 35 ppm in NOx emissions (corresponding to a NOx reduction rate of 18%) can be achieved. These advantages are due to the occurrence of a microexplosion during the combustion of the emulsified droplets. It was observed that when emulsified HFO with a 20 vol% water content was used, the fuel (HFO) consumption rate was 252 l/h. On the other hand, the fuel consumption rate was 271 l/h when pure low-sulfur HFO was used. Therefore, a reduction of 19 l/h in the fuel (HFO) consumption rate was achieved when using the water-in-oil emulsion, corresponding to fuel savings of 7%.

scholarly journals Rapid emulsification of a fuel–water rapid internal mixing injector for emulsion fuel combustion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aizam Shahroni Mohd Arshad ◽  
Yuzuru Nada ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kidoguchi ◽  
Daisuke Asao
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

In this study, a fuel–water rapid internal mixing injector capable of reducing emissions from combustion furnaces operating under high load conditions was developed. Employing this injector allows the injection of a fresh emulsified fuel mixture without requiring surfactants or additional processing equipment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emulsification, atomization, and emission performance of the injector when using soybean oil as a model high-viscosity fuel from a renewable source. Successful emulsification was observed in the mixing chamber over a wide range of water content ratios up to 0.5, under which a water-in-oil emulsion was discharged from the injector. As the water content ratio was increased, the Sauter mean diameter of the droplets in the spray increased. This is a result of the decrease in the mass flow ratio of atomizing gas to liquid and the increase in the viscosity of the fuel emulsion. Although the emulsification of the base fuel resulted in the discharge of large droplets, the results showed that the nitrogen oxide and particulate matter emissions from a combustion furnace incorporating the injector were found to be reduced simultaneously following the introduction of water even under a high combustion load.

Effect of Water Content and Tween 80 to the Stability of Emulsified Biodiesel

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Aziz ◽  
Asraf Jusoh ◽  
Rizalman Mamat ◽  
A. Adam Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Emulsified Biodiesel

Emulsified biodiesel are often stabilized using a combination ratio water, biodiesel and surfactant in achieving stable emulsions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term stability of three phase oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) with respect to the water content and Tween 80. Biodiesel emulsions containing 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL water were produce with combination of 95 mL, 90 mL and 85 mL B20 (80 % diesel + 20 % biodiesel) and surfactant by using a mechanical stirrer machine. The experimental results show that increasing concentration of Tween 80 more than 1.5g gave destructive effect on water in oil emulsion stability. In addition, lowering concentration of water content contribute to low polydispersity of emulsion which produced the high emulsification stability.

Deemulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsion with Sludges

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kosaric ◽  
Z. Duvnjak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Petroleum Refinery ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Aerobic Sludge

Abstract Aerobic sludge from a municipal activated sludge treatment plant, sludge from a conventional municipal anaerobic digester, aerobic sludge from an activated sludge process of a petroleum refinery, and granular sludge from an upflow sludge blanket reactor (USBR) were tested in the deemulsification of a water-in-oil emulsion. All sludges except the last one, showed a good deemulsification capability and could he used for a partial deemulsification of such emulsions. The rate and degree of the deemulsifications increased with an increase in sludge concentrations. The deemulsifications were faster at 85°C and required smaller amounts of sludge than in the case of the deemulsifications at room temperature. An extended stirring (up to a certain limit) in the course of the dispersion of sludge emulsion helped the deemulsification. Too vigorous agitation had an adverse effect. The deemulsification effect of sludge became less visible with an increase in the dilution of emulsion which caused an increase in its spontaneous deemulsification.

Destruction of water-in-oil emulsions in electromagnetic fields in a dynamic mode

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
L.A. Kovaleva ◽  
R.R. Zinnatullin ◽  
V.N. Blagochinnov ◽  
A.A. Musin ◽  
Yu.I. Fatkhullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Droplet Dynamics ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Em Field ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

Some results of experimental and numerical studies of the influence of radio-frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) electromagnetic (EM) fields on water-in-oil emulsions are presented. A detailed investigation of the dependence of the dielectric properties of emulsions on the frequency of the field makes it possible to establish the most effective frequency range of the EM influence. The results of water-in-oil emulsion stability in the RF EM field depending on their dielectric properties are presented. The effect of the MW EM field on the emulsion in a dynamic mode has been studied experimentally. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of emulsion destruction the mathematical model for a single emulsion droplet dynamics in radio-frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) electromagnetic fields is formulated.

Demulsification of a Water-in-crude Oil Emulsion with a Corn Oil BasedDemulsifier using the Response Surface Methodology: Modelling and Optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abed Saad ◽  
Nour Abdurahman ◽  
Rosli Mohd Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Oil Emulsions

: In this study, the Sany-glass test was used to evaluate the performance of a new surfactant prepared from corn oil as a demulsifier for crude oil emulsions. Central composite design (CCD), based on the response surface methodology (RSM), was used to investigate the effect of four variables, including demulsifier dosage, water content, temperature, and pH, on the efficiency of water removal from the emulsion. As well, analysis of variance was applied to examine the precision of the CCD mathematical model. The results indicate that demulsifier dose and emulsion pH are two significant parameters determining demulsification. The maximum separation efficiency of 96% was attained at an alkaline pH and with 3500 ppm demulsifier. According to the RSM analysis, the optimal values for the input variables are 40% water content, 3500 ppm demulsifier, 60 °C, and pH 8.

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