Measures to Relieve the Stress of Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 636-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Kai Duan ◽  
Guo Shi Shen ◽  
Zhen Dong Shan ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Significant Regional Difference

In order to develop realistic water resources strategy, we initially analyze the situation of water resources in the United States which present a significant regional difference. Then on the basis of previous studies, we propose the cost formulas of water storage, movement and desalinization. By analyzing the practical application, along with pros and cons of the above three solutions accordingly, we consider that a comprehensive utilization of these measures will be the best water strategy for America to solve the water shortage problem. Later we apply the conclusion to a case study of Southern California, we propose an optimization model which aims to minimize the total cost of the water strategy, and then use Lingo to solve the problem. Results show that 5.946 billion cubic meters of water by transferring is the best way to make up for the water use gap in 2025 and the total cost is 2.94 billion dollars. Finally, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of our paper. What needs to be emphasized is that our model can also be adapted into the analysis of other states, which shows great flexibility.

scholarly journals Direct Cost of Reprocessing Cotton-woven Surgical Drapes: a Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Fexina Tomé ◽  
Antônio Fernandes Costa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Average Total Cost ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE Identify the direct cost of reprocessing double and single cotton-woven drapes of the surgical LAP package. METHOD A quantitative, exploratory and descriptive case study, performed at a teaching hospital. The direct cost of reprocessing cotton-woven surgical drapes was calculated by multiplying the time spent by professionals involved in reprocessing the unit with the direct cost of labor, adding to the cost of materials. The Brazilian currency (R$) originally used for the calculations was converted to US currency at the rate of US$0.42/R$. RESULTS The average total cost for surgical LAP package was US$9.72, with the predominance being in the cost of materials (US$8.70 or 89.65%). It is noteworthy that the average total cost of materials was mostly impacted by the cost of the cotton-woven drapes (US$7.99 or 91.90%). CONCLUSION The knowledge gained will subsidize discussions about replacing reusable cotton-woven surgical drapes for disposable ones, favoring arguments regarding the advantages and disadvantages of this possibility considering human resources, materials, as well as structural, environmental and financial resources.

scholarly journals Comparing the cost effectiveness of nature-based and coastal adaptation: A case study from the Gulf Coast of the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. e0192132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja G. Reguero ◽  
Michael W. Beck ◽  
David N. Bresch ◽  
Juliano Calil ◽  
Imen Meliane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater Reclamation and Water Resources Management

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater reclamation and reuse are becoming important components of the management of urban, regional and national water resources. Recently, not only countries with chronic water shortage, but also urban areas in temperate climates have considered and implemented wastewater reuse schemes expanding the scope of consumptive uses to include toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, using dual distribution systems and even the reuse as potable waters is being considered and evaluated. Israel is an example of intensive reuse in agricultural irrigation and much experience has been gained in treatment, seasonal reservoirs and establishing quality requirements. The economical justification of wastewater reuse schemes should take into account the overall treatment costs, the ‘environmental and health allowances', i.e. the cost of treatment required even when reuse is not practiced, the benefits of water and the savings in conveyance and pumping. The paper also briefly describes the two largest wastewater reclamation projects in Israel, namely: the Kishon Complex Scheme and the Dan Region Scheme, both aimed at unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops.

scholarly journals Case Study: Use of Open Education Resources in Business Capstone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena D. Mathien
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Open Education ◽  
Learning Design ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Business Course ◽  
Open Education Resources ◽  
The Cost

Recent studies on textbook costs in the United States have indicated that there is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success. With textbook costs increasing at a rate higher than the cost of living, many students have cited the textbook cost as an extremely important factor when obtaining (or not obtaining) a textbook. Open educational resources (OER) are tools that educators can use to supplement or build a course. OER are free for anyone to reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute and are a low-cost, tailored solution for faculty and students. There have been calls for research that demonstrates how OER are being put into practice. This case study examines the responses of users to a voluntary survey in a capstone business course that implemented OER in lieu of traditional textbooks. The study suggests that, for teachers and students, as well as self-directed learners, OER provide a valuable resource to eliminate the pay wall, improve learning design, and support the power of the community through sharing and collaboration.

scholarly journals Exploration and Practice of Rigid Restraint System of Water Resources at County Level: A case study of Yongkang City

2021 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Suchun Chen ◽  
Shiwu Wang ◽  
Jinxing Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Rigid Constraint ◽  
Promotion Mechanism ◽  
General Secretary

General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed to take water resources as the maximum rigid restriction, emphasize using water resources as its capacity permits, and actively explore new ways of high-quality development with regional characteristics. Yongkang is a water shortage county in the southern water-rich area. The contradiction between insufficient water supply and rapid economic and social development and continuous improvement of ecological environment is more prominent. In this paper, industrial water users are taken as the key control objects, and the added value of unit water consumption is taken as the rigid constraint index of water resources. It is incorporated into the reform of “heroes per acre” and integrated with the existing water resources management system to design the collaborative promotion mechanism framework of general rigid constraint of water resources. Then, the application practice in Yongkang is carried out, and the responsibilities of various administrative departments are clarified.

scholarly journals Effect of Calculation of Cost of Production on Selling Price of Products Manufacturing Companies in Papua (Case Study CV. Sagita Grafika)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Mugiati ◽  
Bosta Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Costing Analysis

This study aims to determine how the effect of calculating the cost of an order made by the company and the method of calculation of full costing of the product selling price fixing mold. The data used is primary data, order data produced in the period from January 2013 to December 2013, the secondary data obtained from interviews and literature. From these results it can be seen that CV. Sagita Grafika calculate the cost of the product by using the order cost method that produces cost price and the selling price that is incompatible with existing theory, in which the charging of indirect labor and overhead costs shared equally on all types of orders in the amount of Rp. 11.78825 million for indirect labor costs and Rp. 3.1243 million for overhead costs so that volume orders will bear fewer overhead costs equal to the volume of orders more. By using a full costing analysis generated calculation method that the volume of orders that more will earn imposition overhead costs more, because in this calculation loading overhead costs charged by direct labor hours incurred for each order. So that orders with a total volume that many will use a lot of labor hours and vice versa. So in this study that most large orders received charging overhead is the order BS-02 Rp. 31,115,590.92 and most orders received little overhead loading is KK-01 orders in the amount of Rp. 2,208,622.32. Results of a comparison between the cost of the company with the full costing is the total cost of less Rp. 27,499,540.57, the selling price of Rp. 5,866,543.90, while the larger profit generated by using the full costing method that is Rp. 21,632,996.67

Waste-to-Energy Project Economics and Financing: A Look Into the Factors Influencing the Future

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Clunie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on significant changes in the overall economics of waste-to-energy (WTE) during the last 30 years. The WTE industry in this country has seen several different business cycles occur since 1975, as different market drivers have caused the industry to rise and fall. This paper compares: (1) those economic factors that were in play in 1975, when the first WTE facility in the United States was built, and the industry was in its infancy; (2) the factors at play when the WTE industry was at its height in 1990; and (3) some of the factors that caused the industry’s steep downward trend since 1994, when the last greenfield WTE facility in the United States was built. The paper will identify changes that have occurred with regard to the pricing of electricity and the ability of public sectors to charge non-market-based tipping fees. The paper discusses the drivers of 2006 and focuses on completed economic factors to be considered when comparing WTE with other waste disposal means. The paper discusses the drivers of 2006 and whether the industry is finally poised to begin an upward turn in the cycle. The paper focuses on the impact of the cost of diesel fuel oil on the overall economics of long-haul transfer, and how that is likely to impact the future development of WTE facilities. The paper also presents a case study of a recent analysis that was undertaken for two counties that were evaluating the financial viability of WTE as compared to other disposal options.

scholarly journals Improving the Resilience of Water Resources after Wildfire through Collaborative Watershed Management: A Case Study from Colorado

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Blount ◽  
Adrianne Kroepsch
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Watershed Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Collaborative Groups ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Management Groups ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

This case study introduces students to the impacts that wildfires have on water resources as well as the challenges associated with managing these risks. By examining the development of a collaborative watershed group galvanized by the 2012 High Park Fire in Colorado, the case engages with the longstanding conundrum of how better to align ecological and social scales in natural resources management. It explores the role that collaborative groups are playing in addressing water resources problems at the watershed scale despite fragmented governance at that scale. A phased case study format allows students to investigate the motivations of diverse stakeholders and appreciate the challenges faced in watershed-based collaboration after a catalyzing event, such as a wildfire. Upon completion of the lesson, students will be able to (1) explain wildfires’ impacts to water resources and stakeholders; (2) assess the challenges and benefits of approaching management based on the physical boundaries of a watershed, rather than political boundaries; (3) identify and interrogate how collaborative watershed groups form as well as the factors that are key to their success; and (4) evaluate the outcomes of these collaborative efforts and their ongoing strengths and opportunities as well as their limitations and challenges. This line of inquiry is increasingly significant as collaborative watershed management groups proliferate in the United States, in many instances catalyzed by a disaster. Ultimately, this case study explores how collaborative watershed groups emerge and the role(s) they play in tackling long-term, multi-jurisdictional, and watershed-scale management challenges.

OP37 Impact On Uncertainty Of Disaggregating Cost Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Conor Teljeur ◽  
Paul Carty ◽  
Máirín Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Utility ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Uncertainty Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Components

IntroductionEconomic models contain several parameters ordinarily subject to uncertainty. Unlike most other model parameters, costs can constitute numerous distinct components. For example, a surgical intervention can require a variety of disposables and reusable equipment. A micro-costing output may be disaggregated or presented as a total cost. Uncertainty could be applied to individual cost components or to total cost. We aimed to explore how disaggregation of cost data may impact on uncertainty using a case study.MethodsA set of simulations using hypothetical scenarios were developed with uncertainty set at ± 20 percent. The simulations investigated the impact of number of cost components, balance between components, and correlation between them. A cost-utility model from an assessment of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was analyzed; procedure cost was divided into 32 individual cost components or treated as a total cost.ResultsBased on five equal cost components, uncertainty reduces from ± 20 percent for correlated variables to ± 9 percent for uncorrelated variables. With increasing numbers of uncorrelated cost components, the uncertainty in the total cost decreases markedly. The uncertainty around total robot-assisted surgery procedure equipment costs was ± 19.7 percent when components were correlated and ± 9.4 percent when uncorrelated. The impact on uncertainty in the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was negligible but the ranking of parameters in the univariate sensitivity analysis changed.ConclusionsAnalyzing uncertainty by aggregated or disaggregated costs can have implications for presenting uncertainty in costs to decision makers. Applying uncertainty to aggregated costs essentially implies that variation in the cost of individual components is perfectly correlated. By disaggregating cost components they are being treated as uncorrelated, which can substantially reduce uncertainty in the total cost. In this case study we found that although the reduction in uncertainty could be clearly seen in the cost parameter, it had a negligible impact on uncertainty in the ICER.

scholarly journals ESTRUTURA DE CUSTOS DO MANEJO DE BAIXO IMPACTO EM FLORESTAS TROPICAIS – UM ESTUDO DE CASO

FLORESTA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Timofeiczyk Junior ◽  
Luiz Roberto Graça ◽  
Ricardo Berger ◽  
Roberto Antonio Ticle De Melo e Sousa ◽  
Roberto Tuyoshi Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
City State ◽  
The Cost

Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar de forma pontual a estrutura de custos do manejo de baixo impacto em florestas tropicais com dois ciclos de corte. Os dados utilizados foram fornecidos por uma empresa que explora uma floresta situada no município de Marcelândia, Estado do Mato Grosso, e comercializa as toras com as indústrias da região. Os resultados demonstraram elevação dos custos variáveis ao longo do primeiro ciclo em função da implantação dos tratos silviculturais, com o custo fixo permanecendo inalterado. No segundo ciclo, ocorreu redução no custo total em razão do aumento da produtividade para 15m3/ha e da eliminação de operações das atividades pré-exploratória e exploratória. Dos componentes do custo fixo, o custo administrativo é o mais elevado, representando 26,2% do custo total, ou R$ 16,27/m3. Dos custos variáveis, a atividade exploratória é a mais onerosa, custando R$ 22,33/m3, dos quais R$ 12,92/m3 são consumidos pela abertura de estradas e o arraste. Structure of costs for low impact manegement in the tropical forest – a case study Abstract This work had the objective to analyze the structure of the cost of low impact management in the tropical forest in two production cycles. The data utilized were supplied from the company that explores a forest land localized In the Marcelândia city, State of Mato Grosso and commercializes the logs with the industries of the region. The results showed the increasing of the variables costs to long of first cycle in function of the silvicultures treatments, with the same fixed costs. In the second cycle it was observed a reduction in the total cost due to the increasing of productivity to 15m³/ha, and the elimination of pre-harvesting and harvesting operations. Inside the fixed cost, the administrative cost is higher, with 26.2% of the total cost or R$ 16.27/m³. From the variables costs, the harvest activity is the more expensive, having a cost of R$ 22.22/m³, from which R$ 12.92/m³ accounted for road construction and skidding operations.

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