BU-Router: Researching on Techniques of Global Router

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Chun Yang Zhang ◽  
Jun Fu Li ◽  
Qian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Vlsi Circuit ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Cpu Time ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Route ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Maze Algorithm ◽  
Optimum Solution

Variety of routing approaches are employed by global routers in the VLSI circuit designs. Rip-up and reroute, as a conveniently implemented method, is widely used in most of modern global routers. Maze algorithm is always performed iteratively as the final technique to eliminate overflow. Maze algorithm and its ramifications can obtain an optimum solution. However, it will cost much CPU time if being used impertinently. In this work, we present a global router called Bottom-Up Router (BU-Router), with an optimized maze algorithm, which is based on multi-source multi-sink maze. BU-Router processes not the nets but the segments of nets in a sequence ordered by the length. In the progress, segments will be fixed on the global route graph edge, when the edge is saturated, which is as the basis, also known as bottom. Then the edge will be set as a blockage, which wont accept path goes through it any more. This means the edge will push the possible congestion in the future. Besides this, BU-Router optimized cost function in two ways: make the function adaptive and congestion center avoidable. Additionally, a specific optimized maze algorithm is proposed for routing a long distance segment so as to reduce the run-time.

scholarly journals Improving the Smoothed Complexity of FLIP for Max Cut Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Ali Bibak ◽  
Charles Carlson ◽  
Karthekeyan Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Edge Weight ◽  
Complete Graphs ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Complete Problems ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Optimum Solution ◽  
Arbitrary Graphs

Finding locally optimal solutions for MAX-CUT and MAX- k -CUT are well-known PLS-complete problems. An instinctive approach to finding such a locally optimum solution is the FLIP method. Even though FLIP requires exponential time in worst-case instances, it tends to terminate quickly in practical instances. To explain this discrepancy, the run-time of FLIP has been studied in the smoothed complexity framework. Etscheid and Röglin (ACM Transactions on Algorithms, 2017) showed that the smoothed complexity of FLIP for max-cut in arbitrary graphs is quasi-polynomial. Angel, Bubeck, Peres, and Wei (STOC, 2017) showed that the smoothed complexity of FLIP for max-cut in complete graphs is ( O Φ 5 n 15.1 ), where Φ is an upper bound on the random edge-weight density and Φ is the number of vertices in the input graph. While Angel, Bubeck, Peres, and Wei’s result showed the first polynomial smoothed complexity, they also conjectured that their run-time bound is far from optimal. In this work, we make substantial progress toward improving the run-time bound. We prove that the smoothed complexity of FLIP for max-cut in complete graphs is O (Φ n 7.83 ). Our results are based on a carefully chosen matrix whose rank captures the run-time of the method along with improved rank bounds for this matrix and an improved union bound based on this matrix. In addition, our techniques provide a general framework for analyzing FLIP in the smoothed framework. We illustrate this general framework by showing that the smoothed complexity of FLIP for MAX-3-CUT in complete graphs is polynomial and for MAX - k - CUT in arbitrary graphs is quasi-polynomial. We believe that our techniques should also be of interest toward showing smoothed polynomial complexity of FLIP for MAX - k - CUT in complete graphs for larger constants k .

Social Interaction Technologies and the Future of Blogging

2012 ◽  
pp. 249-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dumova
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Peer Production ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Future ◽  
Grassroots Initiatives ◽  
Creativity And Innovation ◽  
The Web

In an age of user-generated content, multimedia sharing sites, and customized news aggregators, an assortment of Internet-based social interaction technologies transforms the Web and its users. A quintessential embodiment of social interaction technologies, blogs are widely used by people across diverse geographies to locate information, create and share content, initiate conversations, and collaborate and interact with others in various settings. This chapter surveys the global blogosphere landscape for the latest trends and developments in order to evaluate the overall direction that blogging might take in the future. The author posits that network-based peer production and social media convergence are the driving forces behind the current transformation of blogs. The participatory and inclusive nature of social interaction technologies makes blogging a medium of choice for disseminating user-driven content and particularly suitable for bottom-up grassroots initiatives, creativity, and innovation.

scholarly journals A Critical Review of Bottom-Up Proteomics: The Good, the Bad, and the Future of This Field

Proteomes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmalyn J. Dupree ◽  
Madhuri Jayathirtha ◽  
Hannah Yorkey ◽  
Marius Mihasan ◽  
Brindusa Alina Petre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
The Future

Proteomics is the field of study that includes the analysis of proteins, from either a basic science prospective or a clinical one. Proteins can be investigated for their abundance, variety of proteoforms due to post-translational modifications (PTMs), and their stable or transient protein–protein interactions. This can be especially beneficial in the clinical setting when studying proteins involved in different diseases and conditions. Here, we aim to describe a bottom-up proteomics workflow from sample preparation to data analysis, including all of its benefits and pitfalls. We also describe potential improvements in this type of proteomics workflow for the future.

scholarly journals Using Pre-arrival Shared Reading to Promote a Sense of Community

LOGOS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Alison Baverstock ◽  
Jackie Steinitz ◽  
Brian Webster-Henderson ◽  
Laura Bryars ◽  
Sandra Cairncross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Shared Reading ◽  
Project Implementation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Student Enrolment ◽  
The University

Seeking to improve student enrolment, engagement, and retention, Kingston University began a pre-arrival shared reading scheme in 2014–2015, sending a free book to every student about to start at the university and making copies available to staff in all roles and departments across the institution. A number of associated events were organized and outcomes monitored through a variety of project-specific and institutional metrics. Continuing with the scheme in 2015–2016, Kingston University and Edinburgh Napier University joined together as research partners. Edinburgh Napier, having participated in the process of choosing a book for all to read, made the same single title available to their students and staff. In this paper the processes and outcomes of the collaboration are reported, including the differences in project implementation in the two institutions and what they learned from each other. Recommendations are made for how universities can work together on projects of mutual desirability, pointing out particular associated sensitivities, in this case when managing a long-distance collaboration, and what can be learned for the future.

Liquid-phase bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Young Yoon ◽  
Guangbin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Graphene Nanoribbons ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Future

This review summarises the development of bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons in liquid phase and provides views on challenges in the field and the future outlook.

Arthur C. Clarke

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Westfahl
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
First Century ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
First Time

Despite extensive critical attention, Arthur C. Clarke’s distinctive science fiction has never been fully or properly understood. This study examines some of his lighthearted shorter works for the first time and explores how Clarke’s views regularly diverge from those of other science fiction writers. Clarke thought new inventions would likely bring more problems than benefits and suspected that human space travel would never extend beyond the solar system. He accepted that humanity would probably become extinct in the future or be transformed by evolution into unimaginable new forms. He anticipated that aliens would be genuinely alien in both their physiology and psychology. He perceived a deep bond between humanity and the oceans, perhaps stronger than any developing bond between humanity and space. Despite his lifelong atheism, he frequently pondered why humans developed religions, how they might abandon them, and why religions might endure in defiance of expectations. Finally, Clarke’s characters, often criticized as bland, actually are merely reticent, and the isolated lifestyles they adopt--remaining distant or alienated from their families and relying upon connections to broader communities and long-distance communication to ameliorate their solitude--not only reflect Clarke’s own personality, as a closeted homosexual and victim of a disability, but they also constitute his most important prediction, since increasing numbers of twenty-first-century citizens are now living in this manner.

scholarly journals Issues in the design and implementation of expert systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive L. Dym
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Task Selection ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Run Time

This article discusses the issues that arise in the design and implementation of expert systems. These issues include: task selection; the stages of development of expert system projects; knowledge acquisition; languages and tools; development and run-time environments; and organizational and institutional issues. The article closes with some speculation about the future development of expert systems.

scholarly journals Back to the future: Why we need enzymology to build a synthetic metabolism of the future

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias J Erb
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Theoretical Design ◽  
Enzyme Discovery ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
The Future ◽  
Actual Realization

Biology is turning from an analytical into a synthetic discipline. This is especially apparent in the field of metabolic engineering, where the concept of synthetic metabolism has been recently developed. Compared to classical metabolic engineering efforts, synthetic metabolism aims at creating novel metabolic networks in a rational fashion from bottom-up. However, while the theoretical design of synthetic metabolic networks has made tremendous progress, the actual realization of such synthetic pathways is still lacking behind. This is mostly because of our limitations in enzyme discovery and engineering to provide the parts required to build synthetic metabolism. Here I discuss the current challenges and limitations in synthetic metabolic engineering and elucidate how modern day enzymology can help to build a synthetic metabolism of the future.

Long Distance Teacher Education

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 335-337
Author(s):  
Ouida Fae Morris
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Educational Television ◽  
The State ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
University Of South Carolina ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mastery Testing ◽  
The Future ◽  
The University

The University of South Carolina used an educational television format for an introductory braille course to reach a population of teachers scattered throughout the state. Results indicate that this format is a viable alternative to on-campus sessions. Three major components of the course were fifteen weekly television class sessions, five Saturday class sessions, and mastery testing on six unit tests. This article reports on the television course, how it was structured, the reactions of students and professor, and its feasibility for use in the future.

Documenting the Future: Visual Design

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Dan Dinello
Keyword(s):  
Visual Design ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hollywood Film ◽  
French Film ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
The Future ◽  
Visual Style ◽  
Andre Bazin ◽  
The Aesthetic

This chapter details how Alfonso Cuarón's Children of Men eschews the glamorous production values of the standard Hollywood film and moves into the transgressive realm of simulated reportage. It elaborates Children of Men's realism by Cuarón's incorporation of the handheld camera with uninterrupted long takes, complex compositions with multiple planes of action, and an emphasis on medium and long-distance shots rather than close-ups. It also analyses Children of Men's visual style that reflects the aesthetic of French film theorist Andre Bazin. The chapter discusses how Cuarón takes a 'present-in-the-future' approach to the mise-en-scène and insistently cross-references the nightmarish state-of-siege future with staged versions of historical, politically charged imagery. It examines Children of Men as a transhistorical critique.

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