Effects of Silicone Surfactant on the Water Absorption and Surface Morphology of Rigid Palm Oil-Based Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakira Md. Akhir Farhana ◽  
Dzulkifli Mohd Haziq ◽  
Nik Nurfatmah Pz ◽  
Rohah A. Majid
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rigid Foam ◽  
Silicone Surfactant ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Cell Window ◽  
Window Area ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Foam Production ◽  
Pu Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used today in automotive and as insulation system. Due to environmental issues, efforts have been made to replace petrochemical polyol with natural-based polyol in PU foam production, without sacrificing any properties. This study aims to produce palm oil-based PU rigid foam for non-load bearing applications such as wall panel or insulation for buildings. Two parameters studied were percentage of water uptake and surface foam morphology. Palm oil-based polyol (POP) was reacted with polymeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI) at 1:1 NCO:OH ratio. Water was used as blowing agent and silicone surfactant was added to produce stable rigid PU foam. The content of silicone surfactant was varied at 2 and 3 part by weight (pbw). The percentage of water uptake increased slightly with increasing surfactant contents due to siloxane portion of the surfactants, is thought able to reduce the surface tension of the cell, thus absorbing more water than 2 pbw surfactant content. The findings were supported with micrographs of scanning electron microscope (SEM) that showed a larger cell window area and thicker strut.

Development of Rigid Biocomposite Polyurethane Foam for Load Bearing Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Haziq Dzulkifli ◽  
Mohd Yazid Yahya ◽  
Farhana Shakira Md Akhir ◽  
Rohah Abd Majid
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Composite Foam ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Foam Production ◽  
Pu Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used today in automotive and as insulation system. Due to environmental issues, efforts have been made to replace petrochemical polyol with natural-based polyol in PU foam production, without sacrificing any properties. This study aims as to produce palm oil-based polyurethane composite foam for load bearing purposes. Palm oil-based polyol (POP) was reacted with polymeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI) with water as blowing agent and silicone surfactant to produce rigid PU foams. The foams obtained were varied by NCO:OH ratios and water content and characterized for their morphology and compressive strength. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) indicated the cells within the obtained foams are closed cells. Compressive strength of obtained foams shows considerable improvement but only up to NCO:OH ratio of 1:1.35. 

Compression Test and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Foam Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Sinar ◽  
Zainuddin Firuz ◽  
M.A. Nur Azni ◽  
A.Z. Nur Hidayah ◽  
Md Akil Hazizan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Pu Foams

This paper describes the effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the properties, especially the strength properties of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams produced from palm oil based polyol (POP) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The foam composites in the ratio of 1:1.1 (wt. %) mixed at speed 2000 rpm. The addition of MWCNTs into PU foam are varies from 0 wt. % to 3 wt. %. The properties evaluated were compressive strength, density and energy absorption. Compressive strength of PU foam composites with 0.5% of MWCNTs showed the highest value 1.162 MPa of compressive strength compared to other foam composites. It was proved by modeling displacement nodal magnitude using NX Software (version 8.5). The density was increased 15.69 % with addition of 0.5 % MWCNTs into the PU foam. Increasing the amount of MWCNTs in PU foam was found to improve the energy absorption from 22.89 J for pure PU to 24.53 J for foam composites with 3 % MWCNTs.

Synthesis of Palm Oil Based Polyol via Glycerolysis and Transamidation Reactions for Polyurethane Foam Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 226-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairul Azhar Abdul Halim ◽  
Sabrina Soloi ◽  
Rohah A. Majid
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Environmental Issue ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Polypropylene Glycol ◽  
Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Polymeric Resins ◽  
Foam Production

s. Renewable sources like vegetable oil have been used to prepare many polymeric resins due to the awareness on environmental issue and depletion on petrochemical sources. In polyurethane (PU) production, petroleum based polyol such as polypropylene glycol (PPG) has been replaced with plant based polyol from canola oil, soybean oil and palm oil. However, prior to be used, these vegetable oil needs to be modify chemically or physically in order to increase their functionality. In this study, palm oil (PO) has been modify via glyceroylsis and transamidation before reacted with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) at 1:1 NCO:OH ratio in the presence of distilled water as blowing agent and silicone surfactant as foam stabilizer to produce palm oil based PU foam. FTIR study of polyol from both routes shows that main hydroxyl group (-OH) have been successfully introduced into palm oil molecular structure. It was also found that the hardness of two routes have nearly similar values which were shore D 33.6 and 35.4 respectively. Both foams have potential to be used in many non-load bearing applications such as insulator in building or electrical appliances.

Influence of carbon nanotubes on the properties of biopolyol based polyurethane foams

2021 ◽  
pp. 026248932198900
Author(s):  
Rujuta Dhoke ◽  
Abhishek Ojha ◽  
Ashutosh Kr Chaudhary ◽  
RP Vijayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Rigid Foam ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Pu Foams

Biopolyols were obtained from liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse and rice husk. Acid and hydroxyl numbers were determined for estimating the polyol value of the liquid products. These prepared biopolyols were mixed with the commercial polyol for the preparation of polyurethane foam (PU). To study the effects of biopolyol on properties of PU foam, various ratios of biopolyol to commercial polyol were used. It was observed that the density and foaming time of the PU foam increases with the increase in biopolyol content. The calculated Isocyanate index showed that sugarcane bagasse polyol can be used to make flexible foam and that rice husk can be used to make rigid foam. Foaming times and full rise times increased with increase in the biopolyol content. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of prepared foams showed the characteristic peaks related to PU foam. The morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal conductivity tests proved that the synthesized PU foams can be used as insulating materials. Further, PU foams were also prepared with the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the polyol. The densities, thermal conductivities and SEM analysis of PU foams with and without carbon nanotubes were compared.

Efficacy of PU foam materials for scientific investigation in footwear research

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selvaraj Mathivanan ◽  
Ranganathan Mohan ◽  
Bhabendra Nath Das
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Foam Material ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Pu Foams ◽  
High Bmi

Abstract People across the world are primarily concerned with the importance of inserts in footwear in terms of their effectiveness to accomplish therapeutic benefits. Body weight has been implicated as a factor in plantar heel pain, and foot orthoses are commonly used in its conservative treatment and are helpful in reducing symptoms of strain in the fascia during standing and ambulation. It is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of footwear inserts and their impact especially for people with high body mass index (BMI). Hence, research on polyurethane (PU) foams is warranted to identify an ideal material that provides comfort for high-BMI individuals. This article presents details on the physical characteristics of PU foam and its efficacy on functional performances as footwear inserts. PU foam materials have been assessed on various physical characteristics such as density, hardness, compression set followed by resilience, and cushioning behaviors. Of the four densities evaluated, D120 has the highest resilience on static and dynamic conditions. The cushion energy behaviors with respect to walking/running on static and dynamic condition were superior, as they possess better cushioning performance on footwear applications. Hence, the D120 PU foam material is concluded to be the best material for footwear insert for alleviating foot and ankle pain-related problems and for providing therapeutic benefits to high-BMI individuals.

scholarly journals Recovery of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Waste for Efficient Reuse in Industrial Formulations

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kiss ◽  
Gerlinde Rusu ◽  
Francisc Peter ◽  
Ionuț Tănase ◽  
Geza Bandur
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Hydroxyl Number ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pu Foams ◽  
Glycolysis Process

Ester polyurethane (PU) foam waste was reacted at atmospheric pressure in an autoclave and using microwaves with diethylene glycol (DEG) at different PU/DEG ratios in the presence of diethanolamine as a catalyst to find the glycolysis conditions that allow for the improved recovery of the PU foam waste and enable the recycling of the whole glycolysis product in foam formulations suitable for industrial application. The recycled polyol was characterized by dynamic viscosity, hydroxyl number, water content, and density, while thermal stability was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. In the PU foam formulation, 1% and 5% of the glycolyzed material was reused. The relationship between the reuse level of the recycled polyol and the physical properties of the foam was thoroughly investigated. It was observed that both hardness and air flow decreased with increasing recycled polyol content, particularly for the polyester type foam, while tensile strength and compression strength increased. Depending on the amount of recycled polyol and catalyst used, polyether-based foams could be obtained with a low air permeability, needed in special applications as sealed foams, or with higher air permeability desirable for comfort PU foams. The results open the way for further optimization studies of industrial polyurethane foam formulations using a glycolysis process without any separation stage.

Compression Characterization of Polyurethane Foams with Different Formulations of Polyol and MDI

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Sinar Arzuria Adnan ◽  
Firuz Zainuddin ◽  
Hazizan Md. Akil ◽  
Sahrim Hj Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate ◽  
Pu Foams

Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with palm oil based polyols (POP) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in order to archieve rigid formulations. The effect of the different amount of MDI (1 wt.%, 1.1 wt.% and 2 wt.%) were studied in density, compressive strength and energy absorption. It was found that the higher compressive strength of the PU foams showed at 1.604 MPa whereas the amount of MDI increased to 1.1 wt. %. The increased amount of MDI to 2 wt.% showed the higher value in density (0.0531 kg/m3) and energy absorption with 46.490 J for 70 % displacement.

Soy Protein Based Biodegradable Flexible Polyurethane Foam

2010 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 1862-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Heng Wang ◽  
An Ning Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Isocyanate Index ◽  
Biodegradable Polyurethane ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
Pu Foams ◽  
Flexible Pu Foam

Soy protein based biodegradable polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared by incorporating soy protein isolate (SPI) into flexible PU foam. The effects SPI content and isocyanate index on the density, resilience, compression set, and biodegradability of the soy protein based PU foams were investigated. The results showed that, soy protein enhanced the compression set, resilience, and biodegradability of PU foams, but increased the density. Furthermore, soy protein can increase open cell proportion in the soy protein based flexible PU foams, and then regulate their properties. The density and compression set value of the soy protein based PU foams decreased with increase in isocyanate index, while the resilience increased. The biodegradability of soy protein based flexible PU foam makes it a prospective material for disposable usage.

scholarly journals Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Protected with Mineral Intumescent Mat

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikelis Kirpluks ◽  
Ugis Cabulis ◽  
Viesturs Zeltins ◽  
Laura Stiebra ◽  
Andris Avots
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Fibre Products ◽  
Pu Foams

Abstract One of the biggest disadvantages of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams is its low thermal resistance, high flammability and high smoke production. Greatest advantage of this thermal insulation material is its low thermal conductivity (λ), which at 18-28 mW/(m•K) is superior to other materials. To lower the flammability of PU foams, different flame retardants (FR) are used. Usually, industrially viable are halogenated liquid FRs but recent trends in EU regulations show that they are not desirable any more. Main concern is toxicity of smoke and health hazard form volatiles in PU foam materials. Development of intumescent passive fire protection for foam materials would answer problems with flammability without using halogenated FRs. It is possible to add expandable graphite (EG) into PU foam structure but this increases the thermal conductivity greatly. Thus, the main advantage of PU foam is lost. To decrease the flammability of PU foams, three different contents 3%; 9% and 15% of EG were added to PU foam formulation. Sample with 15% of EG increased λ of PU foam from 24.0 to 30.0 mW/(m•K). This paper describes the study where PU foam developed from renewable resources is protected with thermally expandable intumescent mat from Technical Fibre Products Ltd. (TFP) as an alternative to EG added into PU material. TFP produces range of mineral fibre mats with EG that produce passive fire barrier. Two type mats were used to develop sandwich-type PU foams. Also, synergy effect of non-halogenated FR, dimethyl propyl phosphate and EG was studied. Flammability of developed materials was assessed using Cone Calorimeter equipment. Density, thermal conductivity, compression strength and modulus of elasticity were tested for developed PU foams. PU foam morphology was assessed from scanning electron microscopy images.

scholarly journals Calibrated heat-pulse method for the assessment of maize water uptake

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Odair Santos ◽  
Homero Bergamaschi ◽  
Luiz Mauro G. Rosa ◽  
João Ito Bergonci
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Pulse Method ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Pulse System ◽  
Two Parameters

Plant water requirements are important aspects of crop production to be determined in the field, in order to judiciously manage crop water usage. Water uptake by field grown maize (Zea mays L.), under well-watered conditions was verified with the heat-pulse system. The temperature difference between two radially inserted thermocouples, one 9 mm above and the other 4 mm below a heater piercing the maize stem, was measured every 0.3 seconds following emission of a heat-pulse. Comparisons of the heat-pulse system outputs, lysimetric measurement and transpiration model estimates were monitored on an hourly and daily basis. At normal and low atmospheric demand daily and hourly values of heat-pulse outputs and lysimetric measurement showed good agreement. Hourly agreement of a modified Penman-Monteith energy balance equation estimate and heat-pulse outputs showed accordance between measurement of sap flow and the plant water-loss theory. Study of the relationship between maize canopy water loss rate and heat velocity in the stem showed that these two parameters were proportional and a calibration factor of 1.51 for full soil foliage coverage was verified.

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