Grafting of Itaconic Anhydride onto Natural Rubber as Compatibilizer for Rubber Blend, Experimental Optimization of Grafting Extent

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryanee Puteh ◽  
Pairote Klinpituksa ◽  
Azizan Kaesaman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Graft Copolymers ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Initiator Concentration ◽  
Peak Ratio ◽  
Itaconic Anhydride ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Absorbance Peak

Graft copolymers of natural rubber with itaconic anhydride (IA) were prepared in toluene using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, monomer concentration and initiator concentration on natural rubber grafting were investigated. Graft copolymers (NR-g-IA) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The grafting content of IA onto NR was estimated by means of FTIR using the absorbance peak ratio for 1783 cm-1 and 835 cm-1, corresponding to the symmetric C=O stretching and the =C-H out of plane bending in natural rubber, respectively. Titration was also used to determine the amount of IA grafted onto natural rubber. The optimal grafting conditions for preparation of NR-g-IA were found at 10 phr IA, 2.5 phr BPO, 85°C temperature, and 2.5 hr reaction time.

Preparation of A Spherical Cellulose Adsorbent as Amino Acid Sorbent

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 899-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Xiang Lin ◽  
Ming Hua Liu ◽  
Huai Yu Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Initiator Concentration ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Cellulose Adsorbent

The spherical cellulose adsorbent was prepared by grafting acrylic acid onto the spherical cellulose beads prepared by NMMO method. The effecting factors, e.g., monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized by the orthogonal and signal-factor experiments and the structure of the adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The graft mechanism was also discussed. Moreover, the spherical cellulose adsorbents were shown to behave as good sorbents for basic amino acids L-Arg, L-Lys and L-His.

Effects of Polymerization Parameters on Aqueous Deposited Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile and Itaconic Acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 508-511
Author(s):  
Ya Qi Zhao ◽  
Qiao Feng ◽  
Ling Zhi Du
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Temperature Region ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Initiator Concentration ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Total Monomer Concentration

Pure powdery high molecular weight polyacrylonitrile (HMW-PAN) copolymers were firstly synthesized by aqueous deposited polymerization (ADP) technique employing 2,2'-Azobis (isobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA) as initiator and itaconic acid (IA) as comonomer. Various PAN polymers were obtained through changing different polymerization parameters. It is indicated that with the increase of total monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time, polymerization conversions of PAN copolymers all increased. While the molecular weights become greater with the increase of total monomer concentration. With the increase of initiator concentration and reaction temperature (under higher reaction temperature region), the molecular weights decreased. However, the molecular weights only had very little decrease at the end of long extension of reaction time.

A Study on the Graft-Copolymerization of 2-Acryloyloxyethyl Acid Phosphate onto Natural Rubber

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 377-380
Author(s):  
Chadchai Sorarutayangkoor ◽  
Jirapong Boonyasiri ◽  
Jitladda Sakdapipanich
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Graft Copolymerization ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Heat Build Up

Nowadays, natural rubber (NR) is one of the most important agricultural product of Thailand, which is an important substance with special characteristics such as mechanical properties, excellent strength, and low heat build-up. However, NR is non-polarity that limited its application in industry. To expand the use of NR, this research is interested to improve the polarity of NR by grafting NR with 2-acryloyloxyethyl acid phosphate (P-1A(N)) monomer. The influences of the monomer concentration, dry rubber concentration (DRC) and reaction time were investigated. The best condition of the graft co-polymerization was 10% DRC, 20 phr of monomer and 3h of reaction time. NR was successfully grafted with P-1A(N) monomer by using this condition. It can be confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

Laboratory Research of the Terpolymer Fracturing Fluid Gelatinizer

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 712-715
Author(s):  
Cheng Yu Zhou ◽  
Zheng Fu Jia ◽  
Xia Yang Hou ◽  
Xiao Ling Mou
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Total Monomer Concentration

The terpolymer was synthesized by AM, AA and AMPS. The effects of the content of AA and AMPS, the amount of initiator, the neutralization degree, reaction temperature, reaction time and monomer concentration on terpolymer viscosities were studied. Then it draws the best conditions of this polymerization: monomer quality ratio(AM:AMPS: AA) is 10:2:1, the amount of initiator is between 0.20% and 0.25%, the neutralization degree is 90%, the reaction temperature is 30°C , the reaction time is 4 hours, the total monomer concentration is 21%. Finally, it draws a conclusion that the polymer is a kind of terpolymer which is synthesized by AM, AA and AMPS with the help of the IR spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1732
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Yu ◽  
Yongjun Sun ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Aowen Chen ◽  
Kinjal J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Response Surface Optimization ◽  
Metal Capture ◽  
Total Monomer Concentration

In this study, a high-efficiency magnetic heavy metal flocculant MF@AA was prepared based on carboxymethyl chitosan and magnetic Fe3O4. It was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRD and VSM, and the Cu(II) removal rate was used as the evaluation basis for the preparation process. The effects of AMPS content, total monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration and reaction time on the performance of MF@AA flocculation to remove Cu(II) were studied. The characterization results show that MF@AA has been successfully prepared and exhibits good magnetic induction characteristics. The synthesis results show that under the conditions of 10% AMPS content, 35% total monomer concentration, 0.04% photoinitiator concentration, and 1.5 h reaction time, the best yield of MF@AA is 77.69%. The best removal rate is 87.65%. In addition, the response surface optimization of the synthesis process of MF@AA was performed. The optimal synthesis ratio was finally determined as iron content 6.5%, CMFS: 29.5%, AM: 53.9%, AMPS: 10.1%. High-efficiency magnetic heavy metal flocculant MF@AA shows excellent flocculation performance in removing Cu(II). This research provides guidance and ideas for the development of efficient and low-cost flocculation technology to remove Cu(II) in wastewater.

Study on Extracting Potassium from Potassium Feldspar with Molten Salt Leaching Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1078-1081
Author(s):  
Jian Guo Song ◽  
Xin Zhi Wang ◽  
Shao Dan Xiao ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Potassium Feldspar ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Potash Feldspar ◽  
Salt Leaching ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

This article aims to study the technology of extracting potassium from potassium feldspar with molten salt leaching method and to analyze the effects of temperature, reaction time and other factors on extracting potassium, concluding the optimal process conditions of extracting potassium with molten leaching method from potash feldspar.

Preparation and Co (II) Removal of ZnO/Poly-Piperazineamide Nanofiltration Membranes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Zhang ◽  
Xuexing Chen ◽  
Qingchun Chen ◽  
Zhaolong Deng ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Radioactive Nuclide ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Separation Mechanism ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Terephthaloyl Chloride ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
Zno Particles

A series of nanofiltration membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization of piperazine and terephthaloyl chloride on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes. ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated in the active separation layer to modify the performances of the membranes. The preparation conditions as the monomer concentration, dosage of nano-ZnO particles and the reaction time on removal of a simulated radioactive nuclide Co (II) were investigated. Fourier transform infrared in attenuated total reflection mode verified the formation of polyamide on the PAN ultrafiltration membrane. The scanning electron microscope images showed that the nano-ZnO particles can homogeneously fixed on the membrane surface. The retention of Co (II) increased with increasing the dosage of nano-ZnO in the range of 0∼0.03 g. Further adding more nano-ZnO, the rejection rate of Co (II) first decreased and then increased. The concentration of piperazine and terephthaloyl chloride showed similar effect on removal of Co (II) ion. 5 minutes polymerization time was sufficient to form an active separation layer on the substrate membrane which changed the separation mechanism from ultrafiltration to nanofiltration. The separation performance of NF3 prepared by the following conditions was optimum: 0.03g nano-ZnO, 0.6 wt% piperazine, 0.5 wt% terephthaloyl chloride, and the reaction time was 15 min. The rejection rates of 1000 mg/L Na2SO4 and Co2+ in CoCl2 solution were 90% and 75% respectively. The Co (II) removal rate can be increased to nearly 90% by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt. Increasing the operation pressure or the feeding concentration of Co (II) can also improve the performances of the membranes in this experiment.

scholarly journals Isolation and ldentification of 2,6- Dimethyl- and 2,2,6 -Trimethyl-4-piperidone, Artifacts Produced by the Reaction of Cigarette Smoke Condensate and Acetone

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Einolf ◽  
R. N. Ferguson ◽  
J. F. Whidby ◽  
J. F. DeBardeleben
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Cis And Trans Isomers ◽  
Cis And Trans

AbstractCigarette smoke condensate (CSC) processed with acetone was found to contain 2,2,6-trimethyl-4-piperidone and the cis and trans isomers of 2,6-dimethyl-4-piperidone. The compounds were found to be artifacts formed by the reaction of the smoke components ammonia and acetaldehyde with the solvent acetone. Conditions which affected the yield of the artifacts from the processed CSC include pH, temperature, reaction time, and levels of ammonia and acetaldehyde present in CSC.

Partition mechanism of adsorption and the absence of displacement phenomena in the zonal analytical chromatography of proteins on bead 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl-cellulose

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 2375-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gemeiner ◽  
Eva Hrabárová ◽  
Magdaléna Zacharová ◽  
Albert Breier ◽  
Milan J. Beneš
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Hydrophobic Region ◽  
Bead Cellulose ◽  
To Come

Hydrophobization of bead cellulose is described, carried out by its alkylation with 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane under the conditions of acid (perchloric acid, borontrifluoride diethyl etherate) and basic (sodium hydroxide) catalysis. Reaction conditions (temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of reactants) have been determined, allowing the hydrophobization of bead cellulose to be carried out to the largest possible extent while maintaining its spherical shape. The nonstoichiometric mechanism suggested for the adsorption of amphiphilic adsorptives on bead 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl-cellulose (HPP-C) was checked by means of adsorption of six proteins. It was found that the surface of the hydrophobic segment of the adsorbent must be sufficiently large to be able to come in touch with the hydrophobic region of the protein through its multiple residues. In such cases the partitioning of the protein between the hydrophobic segment present as a liquid-like film and the surrounding solution becomes the predominant step of the adsorption. This adsorption mechanism is also reflected in zonal chromatography on bead HPP-C, as no displacement phenomena could be observed in any of the six proteins used. Retention of these proteins has been affected to a decisive extent by the degree of hydrophobization of HPP-C.

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