The S. Marco Church in L’Aquila: Provisional Interventions after the 2009 Abruzzo Earthquake

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 953-958
Author(s):  
Mariano Carraro ◽  
Tiziano Ghedina ◽  
Alessandro De Sabbata ◽  
Claudio Modena ◽  
F. Casarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Structural Monitoring ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
The Church

The 6th of April 2009 a strong earthquake (rated 5.8 on the Richter scale) struck the Abruzzo region in central Italy, causing hundreds of casualties and devastating the historical city of L’Aquila and several small towns in the area. The toll in terms of structural damage was enormous, also considered that a vast amount of buildings was made of poorly arranged masonry composed by round pebbles and mortar of scarce mechanical characteristics. In particular, the buildings belonging to cultural heritage (e.g. churches and monumental buildings) were between the structures that suffered more from seismic damage, considered their dimensions, mass and general lack of adequate connections. Few weeks after the seismic event, a church in the historical city centre of L’Aquila, the S. Marco church, was “adopted” by the Italian Veneto Region, which paid and provided the necessary technical support for the first necessary provisional structural interventions. The paper describes the steps undertaken in order to provide the building with the minimum safety conditions necessary to face the aftershocks, and to survive without further collapses to be subsequently retrofitted. A static and dynamic structural monitoring system was also installed in the church since the beginning of the works, in order to control the safety conditions of the area during the execution of the interventions and to assess the damage progression or stationariness.

Damage Assessment of San Francesco Church in Amandola Hit by Central Italy 2016-2017 Seismic Event

2019 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 627-633
Author(s):  
Ersilia Giordano ◽  
Angela Ferrante ◽  
Elisa Ribilotta ◽  
Francesco Clementi ◽  
Stefano Lenci
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Event ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Nonlinear Static Analysis ◽  
Local Analysis ◽  
Marche Region ◽  
Nonlinear Static ◽  
The Church

Italy is a high seismic risk country since 1900 more than 30 earthquakes with magnitude greater than Mw=5.8 have occurred, and the last one is the Central Italy seismic sequence. The first shock occurred in the 24 August (Mw=6.2) followed by another stronger quake in the 30th October (Mw=6.5). It hit the regions of Marche, Umbria, and Abruzzo heavily causing many deaths, injuries and extensive damages on the cultural heritage. This paper analyses the church of San Francesco in Amadola, located in the Marche region that has been considered condemned for the severe damages reported after these earthquakes. The church is globally analyzed by the application of nonlinear static analysis on a Finite Element Model where the nonlinearity of masonry is taking into account with a proper constitutive law. The study wants to prove how global analysis combined by the local analysis can reproduce the behavior of this structure during a quake, showing that it can repeat the real damages produced by earthquakes.

Safety, Rehabilitation and Seismic Improvement of San Silvestro’s Church in Crevalcore (BO), after 2012 Seismic Event in Emilia

2017 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 577-585
Author(s):  
Carlo Lippo ◽  
Marco Orlandini ◽  
Giorgio Giacomin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Temporal Process ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Improvement Interventions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The design and realization of seismic improvement interventions have proceeded a logic and temporal process: first at all the damage analysis, safety compatible and reversible actions, detailed surveys and direct and historic-documental investigations concerning typologies, geometries, materials and building’s damages; analysis of vulnerability and seismic improvement design of interventions, all approved by Regional Seismic Service and Superintendence of Cultural Heritage; lastly, realization of works according to the project and the law, the quality and the prescriptions of control authorities. The interventions have respected principal design’s purposes, in synthesis: 60% of seismic improvement to the actual laws, even if not compulsory for an heritage building; compatible materials with the originals under the mechanical, physical and chemical aspect; reversible structural interventions respectful to the artefact behaviour before the realization and focused to not modify the spatial, material and chromatic aspect of architectural complex. The principal structural interventions are: restoration, partial rebuilding and reinforcing of groin vaults, mechanical anchors and ringing elements; restoration of load bearing wall elements and improvement of their mechanical characteristics.

scholarly journals Seismic response of a masonry church in Central Italy: the role of interventions on the roof

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gessica Sferrazza Papa ◽  
Vito Tateo ◽  
Maria Adelaide Parisi ◽  
Siro Casolo
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Finite Element Model

Abstract The seismic response of a medieval church in Central Italy is analyzed considering the two roof configurations, i.e., reinforced concrete and timber roofs, that the church had in different periods of its existence. Structural interventions and changes are common in the churches of this territory, where frequent earthquakes put these buildings at risk. The church studied here, St. Salvatore in Acquapagana (Serravalle di Chienti, province of Macerata), was damaged by the 1997 Umbria-Marche and the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes. Between these two seismic events, the church was repaired, and the concrete roof was substituted with a lighter timber roof. To investigate the influence of this change on the seismic response, a study was performed at the building and façade macroelement scales using the finite element model and rigid body spring model, respectively. For each approach, the two roof configurations were considered, and two strong motion records, from September 26, 1997, and October 30, 2016, were applied. The results show that the concrete roof improves the box-like behavior, but it increases the vulnerability of the masonry structures, characterized by a limited tensile strength. Conversely, in the timber roof configuration, the most vulnerable areas of the structure are the intersections between structural elements.

Damage assessment of San Francesco Church in Amandola hit by Central Italy 2016-2017 seismic event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersilia Giordano ◽  
Angela Ferrante ◽  
Elisa Ribilotta ◽  
Francesco Clementi ◽  
Stefano Lenci
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Central Italy

scholarly journals Analysis and Evaluation of the Spatial Structure of Cittaslow Towns on the Example of Selected Regions in Central Italy and North-Eastern Poland

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Marek Zagroba ◽  
Katarzyna Pawlewicz ◽  
Adam Senetra
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Local Traditions

Cittaslow International promotes harmonious development of small towns based on sustainable relationships between economic growth, protection of local traditions, cultural heritage and the environment, and an improvement in the quality of local life. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the differences and similarities in the spatial structure of Cittaslow towns in the Italian regions of Tuscany and Umbria and the Polish region of Warmia and Mazury. The study examined historical towns which are situated in different parts of Europe and have evolved in different cultural and natural environments. The presented research attempts to determine whether the spatial structure of historical towns established in different European regions promotes the dissemination of the Cittaslow philosophy and the adoption of sustainable development principles. The urban design, architectural features and the composition of urban and architectural factors which are largely responsible for perceptions of multi-dimensional space were evaluated. These goals were achieved with the use of a self-designed research method which supported a subjective evaluation of spatial structure defined by historical urban planning and architectural solutions. The study demonstrated that Medieval urban layouts can be successfully incorporated into the modern urban fabric to promote sustainable development and slow living.

scholarly journals Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iunio Iervolino ◽  
Pasquale Cito ◽  
Chiara Felicetta ◽  
Giovanni Lanzano ◽  
Antonio Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Motion Effect ◽  
Observed Damage

AbstractShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.

Italians and others: some quattrocento views of nationality and the church

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Diana M. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Italian Society ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
The Church

In his excellent study of medieval Italian society, Hyde makes a thought-provoking comparison of ‘the Italians of the age of Dante’ with the humanists of a later generation. The former he sees as distinguished by ‘a sense of continuity with the past and with other parts of the Catholic world’ from the humanists who ‘concentrated on what was close at hand, digging deep rather than spreading wide, so that their world revolved around central Italy.’ It is not my intention here to dispute this assertion, but to use it to stimulate reflection on the nature of Italian self-awareness in the early renaissance period, in the light of a further contrast between Hyde’s two ages which he does not himself emphasise.

scholarly journals Assessing soil-structure interaction during the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence (Italy): preliminary results

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arrigo Caserta ◽  
Fawzi Doumaz ◽  
Antonio Costanzo ◽  
Anna Gervasi ◽  
William Thorossian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Soil Structure Interaction ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Church ◽  
Moderate Magnitude

<p><em>We used the moderate-magnitude aftershocks succeeding to the 2016 August 24<sup>th</sup>, Mw = 6.0, Amatrice (Italy) mainshok to asses, specially during an ongoing seismic sequence, the soil-structure interaction where cultural Heritage is involved. We have chosen as case study the</em><em> San Giovanni Battista</em><em> church (A.D. 1039)  in Acquasanta Terme town, about 20 Km northeast of Amatrice. First of all we studied the soil shaking features in order to characterize the input to the monument. Then, using the recordings in the church, we tried to figure out  how the input seismic energy is distributed over the different monument parts. Some preliminary results are shown and discussed.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

The BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (04) ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
David J. Witmer ◽  
Jack W. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Structural Monitoring ◽  
Hull Girder ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Oil Tanker

BP Oil Company time-charters a fleet of American-flag tankers for the ocean transportation of crude oil and petroleum products to the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Commencing in 1991, ship response and structural monitoring instrumentation was installed on the four ships of the Atigun Pass-class. These crude carriers are operated in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Service, or "TAPS" trade, sailing the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska. The structural monitoring systems were designed to measure the effects of subjecting a ship to the typical loads and forces encountered while at sea: hogging, sagging, slamming, hydrostatic pressure, and hull girder springing. Additionally, BP was interested in developing a system that could provide shiphandling guidance to the master or watch officer so that the detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to such loads and forces could be effectively minimized. The paper describes in detail the physical arrangement of the BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System (BPSMS), including the suite of sensors employed to measure ship responses and hull girder stresses. It explains how the response data collected by the sensors is analyzed by the onboard computer located on the ship's bridge and how ship response data are presented back to the deck officers via a family of display monitor screens. These displays provide the officers with a "tool" that can be used to effectively monitor the physical and structural response of their ship to waves, and to quantify, in terms of lowering the wave bending moment and reducing the risk of slamming, the result of an action or actions taken to minimize the risk of incurring structural damage. Onboard ship response and structural monitoring is now an integral part of BP's tanker fleet structural management program. The units have greatly increased the awareness of the ship's officers regarding their role in helping to control the amount of structural damage done to the ships. Data from the units have also helped management make more informed decisions regarding operational requirements placed on the ships.

Central Europe, 1850–1871

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-188
Author(s):  
David Sorkin
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
German Empire ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Papal States ◽  
The Church

This chapter explains that it took a third seismic event to enact full emancipation in central Europe. Within a little over two decades, the creation of the Dual Monarchy and the unifications of Germany and Italy completed what the two previous revolutions had begun: they sufficiently dismantled the corporate and confessional state to begin creating civil societies and constitutional monarchies, however imperfect. The three developments were intimately related. Piedmont and Prussia both took to the battlefield to overcome Habsburg opposition to unification; Piedmont's success guided Prussia's ambitions. In turn, the Habsburg Empire's shattering defeats forced its restructuring. The very nature of those three developments entailed new complications. Unification and restructuring left multiple forms of inequality intact and created new ones. The struggle for equality continued in a “post-emancipation” guise. The German Empire introduced a new dualism between the federal constitution and state laws that left aspects of the Jews' status in contention and inherited forms of discrimination in place. Meanwhile, the new Kingdom of Italy had seized the Papal States; the Church opposed its very foundation. As one of the kingdom's beneficiaries, Jews became targets of intense Church opposition. Ultimately, the new Dual Monarchy unleashed competing nationalisms. Jews were caught in the conflict between various recognized “peoples” without the advantage of being one.

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