Flame Retardant Properties of Viscose Fibers Containing Talcum Powder

Cellulose-insoluble silicate (talcum powder) hybrid fibers with 10%, 20%, 30% silica contents were prepared by wet spinning. The flammabilities and combustion processes were evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The LOI results suggested that the hybrid fibers were flame retandant with the LOI value of 22, 25 and 27, as compared to 20 of pure cellulose fibers. Cone calorimetry showed that the rate of heat release value and total heat release value of hybrid fibers decreased. Hybrid fibers with 20% SiO2 loading is the best flame retardant sample. SEM studies of residues after cone calorimetry indicated that the hybrid fibers produced tight and hard residue crusts.

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Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516652349 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (11) ◽

pp. 1367-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chaohong Dong ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Xuechao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Untreated Cotton ◽

Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

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Flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams containing thermoregulating microcapsules with phosphazene-based monomers

Journal of Materials Science ◽

10.1007/s10853-020-05389-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 1172-1188

Author(s):

Anna M. Szczotok ◽

Dan Madsen ◽

Angel Serrano ◽

Manuel Carmona ◽

Patrick Van Hees ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Future Application ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Maximum Heat ◽

Maximum Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Encapsulated Phase Change Material ◽

Pu Foams

Abstract Thermoregulating microcapsules (MC) with flame-retardant properties were used to produce polyurethane (PU) foams. Thermogravimetric analyses of the microcapsules performed under atmospheric air and nitrogen confirmed that the hexa(methacryloylethylenedioxy) cyclotriphosphazene (PNC-HEMA) monomer raised the amount of residue after exposure to high temperature, proving the formation of a thermally stable char layer. Additionally, the flame-retardant properties of the microcapsules were analyzed by micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC), and the PU foams were tested by both MCC and cone calorimetry. The total heat release and maximum heat release rate were lower for microcapsules containing the flame-retardant PNC-HEMA. The composition of the microcapsules has been proved by MCC and TGA, where the release of the encapsulated phase change material (PCM) occurred at the expected temperature. However, in PU foams, the release of PCM is shifted to higher temperatures. Accordingly, these materials can be considered as an important alternative to commonly used microcapsules containing phase PCMs, where a lower flammability is required for their future application. Graphic abstract

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Investigation of the Flammability and Thermal Stability of Halogen-Free Intumescent System in Biopolymer Composites Containing Biobased Carbonization Agent and Mechanism of Their Char Formation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Muhammad Maqsood ◽

Gunnar Seide

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Melt Compounding ◽

Char Formation ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free ◽

Intumescent System ◽

Thermal Stability Of

Starch, being a polyhydric compound with its natural charring ability, is an ideal candidate to serve as a carbonization agent in an intumescent system. This charring ability of starch, if accompanied by an acidic source, can generate an effective intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, but the performance of starch-based composites in an IFR system has not been tested in detail. Here, we describe a PLA-based IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acidic source and cornstarch as carbon source. We prepared different formulations by melt compounding followed by molding into sheets by hot pressing. The thermal behavior and surface morphology of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy respectively. We also conducted limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimetry tests to characterize the flame-retardant properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 66% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites compared to pure PLA and indicated the development of an intumescent structure by leaving a residual mass of 43% relative to the initial mass of the sample. A mechanism of char formation has also been discussed in detail.

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Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex as flame retardant for char-forming epoxy resins

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/0734904120911722 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 333-347

Author(s):

Lichen Zhang ◽

Deqi Yi ◽

Jianwei Hao

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Polyelectrolyte Complex ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Smoke Production ◽

Ul 94

The flame retardant poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex and the curing agent m-Phenylenediamine were blended into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy resin to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of epoxy resins (EP)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composites were tested by Limiting Oxygen Index, UL-94, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with pure EP. The results showed that the Limiting Oxygen Index value of EP/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composite could reach 31.9%, and UL-94 V-0 rating at 10 wt% poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate loading. Meanwhile the cone calorimetry peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced up to 55.2% and 21.8%, respectively; smoke production rate and total smoke production were also declined significantly, compared with those of pure epoxy resins. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate played a very good flame-retardant effect on epoxy resins.

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Influence of Zirconium Oxide on Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardancy of Viscose Fibers

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.73 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 884-885 ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Cui Cui Song ◽

Quan Ji ◽

Chun Xia Li ◽

Feng Yu Quan ◽

Yan Zhi Xia

Keyword(s):

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Thermal Degradation ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Zirconium Oxide ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Viscose Fibers ◽

Spinning Combustion

We have investigated the effect of zirconium oxide on the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of viscose fibers. ZrO2/cellulose fiber was prepared by wet spinning. Combustion behaviour and flammability were assessed using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C and cone calorimetry. LOI results showed that the ZrO2 increased the LOI of viscose fiber from 20% to 26%, which showed that ZrO2 particles had a positive effect on cellulose flame-retardancy. Results from thermogravimetric analysis (TG) indicated that the ZrO2/cellulose fibers produced greater quantities of residues than viscose fibers. The combustion residues were examined using the scanning electron microscopy, indicating that ZrO2/cellulose fiber produced consistent, thick residues. Cone calorimetry indicated that heat release rate and total heat release values of ZrO2/cellulose fiber were less than those of viscose fibers.

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Cotton-based flame-retardant textiles: A review

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.islam ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 4354-4381

Author(s):

Md. Shahidul Islam ◽

Theo. G. M. van de Ven

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Military Applications ◽

Cotton Textiles ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Biodegradable textiles made from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, have gained attention from researchers, due to the ease with which cellulose can be chemically modified to introduce multifunctional groups, and because of its renewable and biodegradable nature. One of the most attractive features required for civilian and military applications of textiles is flame-retardancy. This review focuses on various methods employed for the fabrication of cellulose-based flame-retardant cotton textiles along with their developed flame-retardant properties over the last few years. The most common method is to merge N, S, P, and Si-based polymeric, non-polymeric, polymeric/non-polymeric hybrids, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids with cellulose to fabricate flame-retardant cotton textiles. In these studies, cellulose was chemically bonded with the flame-retardants or in some cases, cotton textiles were coated by flame-retardants. The flame-retardant properties of the cotton textiles were investigated and determined by various methods, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical flame test, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and by cone calorimetry. This review demonstrates the potential of cellulose-based flame-retardant textiles for various applications.

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The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of their Melt-Spinnability

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24081513 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1513 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maqsood ◽

Langensiepen ◽

Seide

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Sem Images ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Melt Compounding ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Multifilament Yarns ◽

Fire Properties ◽

Halogen Free

The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5−20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2−33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3−5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6−37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.

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Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13081286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1286

Author(s):

Kyung-Who Choi ◽

Jun-Woo Kim ◽

Tae-Soon Kwon ◽

Seok-Won Kang ◽

Jung-Il Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Coating Layer ◽

Real Life ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Coating Agent ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test

The use of halogen-based materials has been regulated since toxic substances are released during combustion. In this study, polyurethane foam was coated with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to develop an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent. The thickness of the CS/MMT coating layer was confirmed to have increased uniformly as the layers were stacked. Likewise, a cone calorimetry test confirmed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the coated foam decreased by about 1/2, and a flame test showed improved fire retardancy based on the analysis of combustion speed, flame size, and residues of the LbL-coated foam. More importantly, an additional cone calorimeter test was performed after conducting more than 1000 compressions to assess the durability of the flame-retardant coating layer when applied in real life, confirming the durability of the LbL coating by the lasting flame retardancy.

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Development of Inherently Flame—Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010013 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosica Mincheva ◽

Hazar Guemiza ◽

Chaimaa Hidan ◽

Sébastien Moins ◽

Olivier Coulembier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Ring Opening ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Ring Opening Polymerization ◽

Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Loss Cone ◽

Ul 94

In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.

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Synergistic Effects of Black Phosphorus/Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Enhancing the Flame-Retardant Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12071487 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1487 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sihao Yin ◽

Xinlin Ren ◽

Peichao Lian ◽

Yuanzhi Zhu ◽

Yi Mei

Keyword(s):

Boron Nitride ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Hexagonal Boron Nitride ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Waterborne Polyurethane ◽

Black Phosphorus ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Polyurethane Composite ◽

Black Phosphorene

We applied black phosphorene (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as flame retardants to waterborne polyurethane to fabricate a novel black phosphorus/boron nitride/waterborne polyurethane composite material. The results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index of the flame-retarded waterborne polyurethane composite increased from 21.7% for pure waterborne polyurethane to 33.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the waterborne polyurethane composite were significantly reduced by 50.94% and 23.92%, respectively, at a flame-retardant content of only 0.4 wt%. The superior refractory performances of waterborne polyurethane composite are attributed to the synergistic effect of BP and BN in the gas phase and condensed phase. This study shows that black phosphorus-based nanocomposites have great potential to improve the fire resistance of polymers.

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