The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of their Melt-Spinnability

The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5−20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2−33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3−5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6−37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.

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Investigation of the Flammability and Thermal Stability of Halogen-Free Intumescent System in Biopolymer Composites Containing Biobased Carbonization Agent and Mechanism of Their Char Formation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Muhammad Maqsood ◽

Gunnar Seide

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Melt Compounding ◽

Char Formation ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free ◽

Intumescent System ◽

Thermal Stability Of

Starch, being a polyhydric compound with its natural charring ability, is an ideal candidate to serve as a carbonization agent in an intumescent system. This charring ability of starch, if accompanied by an acidic source, can generate an effective intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, but the performance of starch-based composites in an IFR system has not been tested in detail. Here, we describe a PLA-based IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acidic source and cornstarch as carbon source. We prepared different formulations by melt compounding followed by molding into sheets by hot pressing. The thermal behavior and surface morphology of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy respectively. We also conducted limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimetry tests to characterize the flame-retardant properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 66% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites compared to pure PLA and indicated the development of an intumescent structure by leaving a residual mass of 43% relative to the initial mass of the sample. A mechanism of char formation has also been discussed in detail.

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Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly-2019-0024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 235-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lin Liu ◽

Rui Lv

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flame Resistance ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Flame Retarded ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Mechanical Performances ◽

Halogen Free

AbstractA DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphen-anthrene-10-oxide)-based halogen-free flame retardant (ODOPM-CYC) was synthesized and incorporated in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The structure of ODOPM-CYC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H NMR and 31P NMR. The effects of ODOPM-CYC on the flame resistance, mechanical performances, thermal properties and cell structure of RPUF were also investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC strikingly enhanced flame retardant properties of RPUF. The flame retarded RPUF acquired a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and achieved UL-94 V-0 rating with the phosphorus content of 3 wt%. The smoke production rate (SPR) also showed an obvious decrease and total smoke release (TSR) was 39.8% lower than that of neat RPUF. Besides, the results demonstrated that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC provided RPUF better thermal stability but did not show any obvious influence on its thermal conductivity.

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Development of Bioepoxy Resin Microencapsulated Ammonium-Polyphosphate for Flame Retardancy of Polylactic Acid

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24224123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (22) ◽

pp. 4123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kata Decsov ◽

Katalin Bocz ◽

Beáta Szolnoki ◽

Serge Bourbigot ◽

Gaëlle Fontaine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ftir Spectroscopy ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Sem Images ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate

Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a bio-based sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE)-type epoxy resin and used as a flame retardant additive in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The bioresin-encapsulated APP (MCAPP) particles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman mapping, particle size distribution was determined by processing of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Interaction between the APP core and the bioresin shell was revealed by combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)‑FTIR spectroscopy. The APP to SPE mass ratio of 10 to 2 was found to be optimal in terms of thermal, flammability, and mechanical properties of 15 wt% additive containing biocomposites. The bioresin shell effectively promotes the charring of the APP-loaded PLA composites, as found using TGA and cone calorimetry, and eliminates the flammable dripping of the specimens during the UL-94 vertical burning tests. Thus, the V-0 rating, the increased limiting oxygen index, and the 20% reduced peak of the heat release rate was reached compared to the effects of neat APP. Furthermore, better interfacial interaction of the MCAPP with PLA was indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and SEM observation. The stiff interphase resulted in increased modulus of these composites. Besides, microencapsulation provided improved water resistance to the flame retardant biopolymer system.

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Flame Retardant Properties of Viscose Fibers Containing Talcum Powder

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.208 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 884-885 ◽

pp. 208-211

Author(s):

Chun Xia Li ◽

Quan Ji ◽

Cui Cui Song ◽

Feng Yu Quan ◽

Yan Zhi Xia

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Hybrid Fibers ◽

Talcum Powder ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Pure Cellulose ◽

Viscose Fibers ◽

Rate Of Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Cellulose-insoluble silicate (talcum powder) hybrid fibers with 10%, 20%, 30% silica contents were prepared by wet spinning. The flammabilities and combustion processes were evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The LOI results suggested that the hybrid fibers were flame retandant with the LOI value of 22, 25 and 27, as compared to 20 of pure cellulose fibers. Cone calorimetry showed that the rate of heat release value and total heat release value of hybrid fibers decreased. Hybrid fibers with 20% SiO2 loading is the best flame retardant sample. SEM studies of residues after cone calorimetry indicated that the hybrid fibers produced tight and hard residue crusts.

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Morphology, Dynamical Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties of Nylon 1212/Organic Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt Compounding

Journal of Electronic Research and Application ◽

10.26689/jera.v5i2.2219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Anrong Huang ◽

Jing Sun ◽

Shanshan Luo ◽

Heng Luo

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Organic Montmorillonite ◽

Melt Compounding ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Nylon 1212/organic montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared using the melt compounding method. The morphology and dynamical mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The storage modulus of nylon 1212/OMMT nanocomposites was increased with increasing OMMT. The flame retardant properties were characterized by cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The flame retardant properties were characterized using cone calorimetry, whereby nylon 1212/OMMT nanocomposites were improved compared with pure nylon 1212 because of the carbonaceous-silicate granular materials which were formed during combustion, thus proposing the flame retardant mechanism.

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The Effects of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Additives in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.131 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1107 ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

A.I.H.Dayang Habibah ◽

Abd Rahim Ruhida

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽

Standard Type ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

The Usa ◽

The Difference ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free

Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

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Synthesis and properties of a new halogen-free flame retardant for polyethylene

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-04-2016-0048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 208-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiapeng Long ◽

Sanxi Li ◽

Bing Liang

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Charpy Impact ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Flame Resistance ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Content Type ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free

Purpose This paper aims to study a new halogen-free flame retardant that was prepared and characterised. Design/methodology/approach The phenyl phosphinic arid di-4-[1-(4-pheny phodphonic acid monophenyl ester-yl)-methyl-ethyl] phenyester dimelaminium (PDEPDM) was synthesised using phenylphosphonic dichloride, melamine, bisphenol A, triethylamine and dichloromethane via solvent-based reaction, that was added into the polyethylene to test flame performance. The chemical structures of PDEPDM were characterised by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The thermal stability, mechanical and flame properties, and morphology for the char layer of composite materials were separately investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, tensile and charpy impact tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 HB flammability standard and scanning electron microscope. Findings The results showed that the PDEPDM had been prepared successfully. When the intumescent fame retardant was added into the PE, the LOI of composite material was improved. Research limitations/implications The PDEPDM can be prepared successfully and can improve the flame resistance of composite material. Practical implications The PDEPDM has excellent flame-retardant properties and produce no toxic fumes when burnt in case of fire. Originality/value Under the optimal conditions, when the 32 per cent (Wt.%) PDEPDM was added into the PE, the LOI was 29.8, tensile strength and impact strength were 10.06 MPa and 16.77 kJ/m2.

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Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane for Superfine Fiber Leather

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 993 ◽

pp. 669-677

Author(s):

Hui Min Ke ◽

Ri Peng Zhu ◽

Jing Hong Ma ◽

Jing Hua Gong

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Alkali Resistance ◽

Forming Process ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free ◽

Superfine Fiber

Polyurethane (PU) superfine fiber leathers have been widely used in people's life. However, the flammability brings potential risks to their application. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the flame retardant modification of PU leathers. In the 1980s, researchers found that some brominated flame retardants produced dioxins during combustion. In 2007, the EU began implementing the REACH regulation, which restricted the use of certain halogenated flame retardants, so a majority of studies focused on halogen-free flame retardant modification. In addition, the halogen-free flame retardant PU should own a better alkali resistance, because alkali treatment is needed in the forming process of the superfine fiber leather. In this paper, two different halogen-free flame retardants were blended with solvent-based PU. The flame retardant properties and alkali resistance of the flame retardant PU were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning (UL-94) test, and thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). It was found that BY-90 system flame retardant could be uniformly dispersed in the PU matrix. And when its additive volume was 27%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PU was 27.1%, the vertical burning test could reach V-0 level. Moreover, it also had good alkali resistance. The LOI value remained at 26.1% after the alkali treatment at 90 °C for 40 min in the 30g/L NaOH solution.

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Cotton-based flame-retardant textiles: A review

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.islam ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 4354-4381

Author(s):

Md. Shahidul Islam ◽

Theo. G. M. van de Ven

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Military Applications ◽

Cotton Textiles ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

Biodegradable textiles made from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, have gained attention from researchers, due to the ease with which cellulose can be chemically modified to introduce multifunctional groups, and because of its renewable and biodegradable nature. One of the most attractive features required for civilian and military applications of textiles is flame-retardancy. This review focuses on various methods employed for the fabrication of cellulose-based flame-retardant cotton textiles along with their developed flame-retardant properties over the last few years. The most common method is to merge N, S, P, and Si-based polymeric, non-polymeric, polymeric/non-polymeric hybrids, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids with cellulose to fabricate flame-retardant cotton textiles. In these studies, cellulose was chemically bonded with the flame-retardants or in some cases, cotton textiles were coated by flame-retardants. The flame-retardant properties of the cotton textiles were investigated and determined by various methods, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical flame test, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and by cone calorimetry. This review demonstrates the potential of cellulose-based flame-retardant textiles for various applications.

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Synthesis and Application of a Novel Polyamide Charring Agent for Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polypropylene

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2013/616859 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jie Liu ◽

Jiayou Xu ◽

Kaidan Li ◽

Yongheng Chen

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Cross Link ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Char Layer ◽

Charring Agent ◽

Negative Role ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Halogen Free

A novel charring agent, poly(p-ethylene terephthalamide) (PETA), for halogen-free flame retardant polypropylene was synthesized by using p-phthaloyl chloride (TPC) and ethylenediamine through solution polycondensation at low temperature, and the effects of PETA on flame retardance of polypropylene (PP)/IFR systems were studied. The experimental results showed that PETA could considerably enhance the fire retardant performance as proved by evidence of the increase of limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, the results of UL-94 tests, and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that an appropriate amount of PETA could react with PP/IFR system to form cross-link network; a more compact char layer could be formed which was responsible for the improved thermal and flame retardant properties of PP/IFR systems. However, the superfluous amount of PETA would play the negative role.

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