Effects of Electrical Characters on Electrical Fatigue Behavior in PLZT Ferroelectric Ceramics

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Wu Chen ◽  
Zhen Ya Lu ◽  
Xu Ming Chen ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Xuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Domain Switching ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Field Magnitude

Electrical fatigue tests have been conducted on PLZT ferroelectric ceramics. It was found that the higher the applied electrical field magnitude, the faster the Pr decreases; the samples under the same electrical field magnitude but with square wave have higher fatigue rate than that of sine wave. It was observed that at low frequency of applied field (50Hz and 500Hz), the polarization decreased very quickly and dropped below 70% of the original value within 106.2 switching cycles, however, when fatigue test were conducted at high frequencies of 100kHz and 300kHz, the polarization did not change significantly even after 109 cycles. The SEM analysis indicated that the facture mode was mainly of trans-granular for the virgin non-fatigued sample, while of inter-granular for the fatigue sample. The quantitative information on the 90° domain switching was measured in situ using X-ray diffraction. The effects of electrical characters on electrical fatigue behavior were explained according to the mechanism of electrical fatigue in PLZT ferroelectric ceramics.

Experimental Study on Fatigue Behavior of 35CrMo Steel after Torsional Prestrain

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 1718-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Yue Wang ◽  
Zhi Yu Wu ◽  
Xi Jie Yang ◽  
Zhao Ying Ren
Keyword(s):  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Cyclic Hardening ◽  
Cyclic Softening ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
35Crmo Steel ◽  
Scanning Electron

Low cycle and high cycle fatigue tests of 35CrMo steel at different pretorsional angles were conducted and cyclic hardening and softening curves, hysteresis loops and S-N curves were obtained of 35CrMo steel after the torsional prestrain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was also made of the fatigue fracture. The results show that: 35CrMo steel features obvious cyclic softening with basically the same law and degree at different torsional prestrains. The area surrounded by the stress-strain hysteresis loop decreases with the increment of the pretorsional angle; the torsional prestain reduces the fatigue life of the materials.

Effect of Ferroelectric Domain on Fatigue Fracture Behavior in Piezoelectric Ceramics

2013 ◽  
Vol 566 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Motonori Nakamura ◽  
Chiharu Sakaki ◽  
Masahiko Kimura ◽  
Takehiro Konoike ◽  
Hiroshi Takagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Paraelectric Phase ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Pzt Ceramics ◽  
Dc Electric Field

Fatigue tests on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were performed by using single-edge-V-notched specimens under cyclic mechanical loading with or without superposition of a DC electric field. Fatigue life was prolonged by applying a DC electric field to the PZT ceramics. To estimate the domain contribution, fatigue tests on barium strontium titanate (BST) ceramics in both ferroelectric and paraelectric phase were carried out. The fatigue life of the ferroelectric phase was much shorter than that of the paraelectric phase. Comparing the fatigue lives of two PZT ceramics with different values of coercive electric field (Ec) revealed that the fatigue life of the PZT with higher Ec is about one order of magnitude longer than that with lower Ec when the stress-intensity factor of fatigue test is low. It is therefore concluded that non-180°domain switching probably deteriorates the fatigue life of ferroelectric ceramics.

SEM image sharpness analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Image Sharpness ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at NIST and the fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.In scanning electron microscopy, two of the most important instrument parameters are the size and shape of the primary electron beam and any image taken in a scanning electron microscope is the result of the sample and electron probe interaction. The low frequency changes in the video signal, collected from the sample, contains information about the larger features and the high frequency changes carry information of finer details. The sharper the image, the larger the number of high frequency components making up that image. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of an SEM image can be employed to provide qualitiative and ultimately quantitative information regarding the SEM image quality.

Direct measurement of the domain switching contribution to the dynamic piezoelectric response in ferroelectric ceramics

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 092901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob L. Jones ◽  
Mark Hoffman ◽  
John E. Daniels ◽  
Andrew J. Studer
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Piezoelectric Response

scholarly journals Influence of Shot Peening on the Isothermal Fatigue Behavior of the Gamma Titanium Aluminide Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb at 750 °C

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1083
Author(s):  
Christoph Breuner ◽  
Stefan Guth ◽  
Elias Gall ◽  
Radosław Swadźba ◽  
Jens Gibmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Stress Amplitude ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Isothermal Fatigue

One possibility to improve the fatigue life and strength of metallic materials is shot peening. However, at elevated temperatures, the induced residual stresses may relax. To investigate the influence of shot peening on high-temperature fatigue behavior, isothermal fatigue tests were conducted on shot-peened and untreated samples of gamma TiAl 48-2-2 at 750 °C in air. The shot-peened material was characterized using EBSD, microhardness, and residual stress analyses. Shot peening leads to a significant increase in surface hardness and high compressive residual stresses near the surface. Both effects may have a positive influence on lifetime. However, it also leads to surface notches and tensile residual stresses in the bulk material with a negative impact on cyclic lifetime. During fully reversed uniaxial tension-compression fatigue tests (R = −1) at a stress amplitude of 260 MPa, the positive effects dominate, and the fatigue lifetime increases. At a lower stress amplitude of 230 MPa, the negative effect of internal tensile residual stresses dominates, and the lifetime decreases. Shot peening leads to a transition from surface to volume crack initiation if the surface is not damaged by the shots.

Fatigue behavior of precipitation strengthened Cu–Ni–Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-873
Author(s):  
Ş. Hakan Atapek ◽  
Spiros Pantelakis ◽  
Şeyda Polat ◽  
Apostolos Chamos ◽  
Gülşah Aktaş Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Lower Stress ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hardened Alloy ◽  
Zr Addition ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Lower Stress Level

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fatigue behavior of precipitation-strengthened Cu‒2.55Ni‒0.55Si alloy, modified by the addition of 0.25 Cr and 0.25 Zr (wt%), using mechanical and fractographical studies to reveal the effect of microstructural features on the fracture. Design/methodology/approach For strengthening, cast and hot forged alloy was subjected to solution annealing at 900°C for 60 min, followed by quenching in water and then aging at 490°C for 180 min. Precipitation-hardened alloy was exposed to fatigue tests at R=−1 and different stress levels. All fracture surfaces were examined within the frame of fractographical analysis. Findings Fine Ni-rich silicides responsible for the precipitation strengthening were observed within the matrix and their interactions with the dislocations at lower stress level resulted in localized shearing and fine striations. Although, by the addition of Cr and Zr, the matrix consisted of hard Ni, Zr-rich and Cr-rich silicides, these precipitates adversely affected the fatigue behavior acting as nucleation sites for cracks. Originality/value These findings contribute to the present knowledge by revealing the effect of microstructural features on the mechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened Cu‒Ni‒Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition.

Gigacycle Fatigue of Welded Joints of Structural Materials (A Review)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 14-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okechukwu P. Nwachukwu ◽  
Alexander V. Gridasov ◽  
Ekaterina A. Gridasova
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Material Defects ◽  
Graphite Cast Iron ◽  
Ultrasonic Fatigue ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Fatigue Failures

This review looks into the state of gigacycle fatigue behavior of some structural materials used in engineering works. Particular attention is given to the use of ultrasonic fatigue testing machine (USF-2000) due to its important role in conducting gigacycle fatigue tests. Gigacycle fatigue behavior of most materials used for very long life engineering applications is reviewed.Gigacycle fatigue behavior of magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, spheroid graphite cast iron, steels and nickel alloys are reviewed together with the examination of the most common material defects that initiate gigacycle fatigue failures in these materials. In addition, the stage-by-stage fatigue crack developments in the gigacycle regime are reviewed. This review is concluded by suggesting the directions for future works in gigacycle fatigue.

Effect of corrosion and sandblasting on the high cycle fatigue behavior of reinforcing B500C steel bars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina C. Vasco ◽  
Panagiota Polydoropoulou ◽  
Apostolos N. Chamos ◽  
Spiros G. Pantelakis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Loading Frequency ◽  
Reinforcing Steel ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Steel Bars

In a series of applications, steel reinforced concrete structures are subjected to fatigue loads during their service life, what in most cases happens in corrosive environments. Surface treatments have been proved to represent proper processes in order to improve both fatigue and corrosion resistances. In this work, the effect of corrosion and sandblasting on the high cycle fatigue behavior reinforcing steel bars is investigated. The investigated material is the reinforcing steel bar of technical class B500C, of nominal diameter of 12 mm. Steel bars specimens were first exposed to corrosion in alternate salt spray environment for 30 and 60 days and subjected to both tensile and fatigue tests. Then, a series of specimens were subjected to common sandblasting, corroded and mechanically tested. Metallographic investigation and corrosion damage evaluation regarding mass loss and martensitic area reduction were performed. Tensile tests were conducted after each corrosion exposure period prior to the fatigue tests. Fatigue tests were performed at a stress ratio, R, of 0.1 and loading frequency of 20 Hz. All fatigue tests series as well as tensile test were also performed for as received steel bars to obtain the reference behavior. The results have shown that sandblasting hardly affects the tensile behavior of the uncorroded material. The effect of sandblasting on the tensile behavior of pre-corroded specimens seems to be also limited. On the other hand, fatigue results indicate an improved fatigue behavior for the sandblasted material after 60 days of corrosion exposure. Martensitic area reductions, mass loss and depth of the pits were significantly smaller for the case of sandblasted materials, which confirms an increased corrosion resistance.

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