A Comparison Study of Surface Hardening by Grinding Versus Machining

2006 ◽  
Vol 304-305 ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Qiang Liu ◽  
Xing Ai ◽  
Zhao Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
White Layer ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Grind Hardening ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Hardened Surface

This paper presents a comparison study of surface hardening by grinding versus machining. The technological, economical and ecological merits of machining hardening and grind-hardening process for steels are described. The mechanisms of machining hardening and grind-hardening of steels are investigated and compared. The phase transformation, plastic deformation and white layer generation are the principal factors contributing to the hardened surface layer by machining and grinding. The influences of the process parameters on the penetrated hardness are given for both grind-hardening and machining hardening operations. The future development trends of the grind-hardening and machining hardening are also presented.

Experimental Study on the Hardened Surface Layer of Grinding SKD-11 Hardened Steel

2007 ◽  
Vol 359-360 ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wei Ming ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Green Manufacturing ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Grinding Parameters ◽  
Grind Hardening ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hardened Surface

The grind-hardening process integrates heat treatment processing into the production line, reduces the number of producing procedures, shortens machining period and lowers the cost. Meanwhile, grind-hardening machining doesn’t use cutting fluid. So the grind-hardening process is a green manufacturing method with an extending application in future. Grinding hardening is an effective method in machining SKD-11 hardened steel due to its good quenched property. In this paper, the grind-hardening characteristics of SKD-11 hardened steel are discussed, and the impacts on the hardened surface layer varying with the grinding parameters are also studied. Optimization of grinding parameters of SKD-11 hardened steel is conducted based on the study.

Theoretical justifi cation for use of combined methods for hardening of surfaces of machine parts in order to control their fretting resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
V.F. Bez’yazychny ◽  
M.V. Timofeev ◽  
R.V. Lyubimov ◽  
E.V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
Machine Parts ◽  
Combined Methods

The theoretical justification for the hardening process of the surface layer of machine parts for combined methods of surface hardening with subsequent application of strengthening coatings, as well as reducing or increasing the fatigue limit due to the fretting process is presented.

Experimental Investigation of White Layer in Grinding of AISI 52100 Annealed Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 487 ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Ming Huang ◽  
Z.X. Zhou ◽  
W. Li
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
White Layer ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Phase Transformation Temperature ◽  
Grinding Temperature ◽  
Severe Deformation ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Annealed Steel

Ground white layer is caused primarily by grinding temperature induced phase transformation. So, it may form when grinding temperature exceeds the nominal phase transformation temperature. However, no attempt is made to investigate mechanical effect on formation of white layer. In this study, grinding temperature is measured by using thermocouple technique in grinding of AISI 52100 annealed steel. The specimens are investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), micro hardness tester and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure and formation mechanism of white layer are analyzed. Ground whiter layer is confirmed to be composed of fine-grained cryptocrystalline martensite and retained austenite. High hardness of white layer is caused by transformation hardening through fine grain and high dislocation density due to severe deformation. White layer can form at temperatures below the nominal austenitization temperature of the material. Plastic deformation is also important in white layer formation during grinding process. High pressure on grinding surface exists under severe deformation. Phase temperature can be reduced due to high pressure; while crystal grain can be refined by plastic deformation. Oxidation and carburizing phenomenon exist during formation of white layer.

Influence of the deforming tool kinematics on the stress state of the surface layer during hardening of cylindrical parts

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Surface Plastic Deformation ◽  
Surface Plastic ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Kinematic Scheme ◽  
Local Surface ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Cylindrical Parts

The influence of kinematic schemes of processing by local surface plastic deformation on the intensification of the stressed state of cylindrical surfaces of parts is considered. On the basis of the finite element method by computer simulation, a mathematical model of the hardening process was obtained to determine the stress state in the surface layer for different hardening schemes. Keywords: kinematic scheme of processing, deforming tool, orbital burnishing, intensification of the stress state, residual stresses, depth of plastic deformation. [email protected], [email protected]

Investigations on Cryogenic Turning to Achieve Surface Hardening of Metastable Austenitic Steel AISI 347

2014 ◽  
Vol 1018 ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mayer ◽  
Benjamin Kirsch ◽  
Jan C. Aurich
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Phase Content ◽  
Martensite Formation ◽  
Metastable Austenitic Steel ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Cryogenic Turning

Metastable austenitic steels offer the opportunity of a surface hardening during machining due to a deformation induced martensite formation, substituting downstream hardening-processes. To maintain the necessary low process and workpiece temperatures for a phase transformation from austenite to martensite, cryogenic cooling using CO2-snow was examined in this study. The influence of workpiece diameter, coolant flow rate as well as pre-cooling and pre-surface hardening on the obtainable phase content of martensite in the surface layer was investigated.

Hardening Process by Complex Local Deformation Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Golenkov ◽  
S.J. Radchenko ◽  
I.M. Gryadunov
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Local Deformation ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Local Loading ◽  
Sliding Bearings ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Equipment Construction ◽  
Inner Surface

The article considers a new method of sliding bearings inner surface hardening by plastic deformation in complex local loading of deformation zone conditions. The main aspects of experimental equipment construction and experimental research preparation are reviewed. The laboratory research results are presented.

Formation and Control of 40Cr Grind-Hardening

2008 ◽  
Vol 373-374 ◽  
pp. 758-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui Cheng Wang ◽  
Hong Jie Pei ◽  
Jin Yu Zhang ◽  
Chun Yan Zhang ◽  
Qin Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Hardened Layer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Grind Hardening ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
And Control

Grind-hardening machining is not only a complex process coupling mechanical, dynamical and thermal effects, but a process containing distinct changes of microstructure and properties of the workpiece grinded surface layer. Under the defined experimental conditions, an empirical formula was constituted to describe the relation between hardened layer depth and grinding parameter of grind-hardening layer, and the multi-parametric optimization was conducted. A commercial FEM software package was used to simulate the grind-hardening process. The distribution and variation characteristics of the temperature and microstructure in the grinded surface layer of workpiece were obtained and the forming mechanism of the grind-hardened layer is revealed.

Prediction of the Residual Stress in Grind-Hardening with Thermal-Mechanical-Phase Transformation Stress Coupled Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 626-627 ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Qi Ge ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
Jian Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Coupled Analysis ◽  
Workpiece Surface ◽  
Grind Hardening ◽  
Transformation Stress

Grind-hardening is a type of composite technology, which utilizes the dissipated heat in the grinding zone for hardening of the workpiece surface layer. The temperature of the workpiece surface, when heated by the grinding, is higher than the austenitizing temperature for short time, then it is lowered by quick cooling causing martensitic transformation to happen in the surface layer of the workpiece. The residual stress is formed by the thermal stress, phase transformation stress and mechanical stress in the grind-hardening layer. In this paper, the forming mechanism of the residual stress in grind-hardening technology is analyzed in theory; the residual stress field in the surface layer is calculated by the finite element, according to changes in the specific volume of the microstructure, the temperature field and the temperature history of the surface layer at different depths. The temperature field is achieved by computer simulation technology. The result of residual stress calculations indicates that the change tendency of the grind-hardening residual stress in the finite element analysis is consistent with the experiments.

Influence of Grinding Conditions on Residual Stress Profiles after Induction Surface Hardening

2005 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 346-351
Author(s):  
Janez Grum
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
Grinding Conditions ◽  
Induction Surface Hardening ◽  
Hardened Surface

Induction surface hardening creates very desirable residual stresses in the hardened surface layer. Residual stresses are always of a compressive nature and are usually present to the depth of the induction-hardened layer. By the appropriate selection of grinding wheel and grinding conditions and taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the workpiece material very favourable compressive residual stresses in the hardened surface layer can be retained. How is it possible to assure a desirable surface and surface layer quality after induction hardening and fine grinding? Finding an answer to this question requires a very good knowledge of the process of grinding on the micro-level as well as knowledge of mechanical and heat effects acting on the layer of the workpiece including the type and condition of the grinding wheel. An allinclusive consideration of the numerous influences of the kind and condition of the tool on the changes on the surface and in the surface layer of the workpiece in the given machining conditions is described by the term “surface integrity”.

scholarly journals Modelling of magnetic field and flux in objects having surface-hardening and transition layer

2018 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kostin ◽  
Olga Vasilenko ◽  
Alexander Byzov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Transition Layer ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Hardened Layer ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Object Of Control ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Hardened Surface

A finite element simulation of the distribution of the magnetic field and flux in locally magnetized steel objects subjected to surface hardening and having after hardening a three-layer structure: a hardened surface layer, a transition layer, an unstressed core; has been conducted. Magnetization of the tested object was conducted using a U-shaped electromagnet. As a result, pictures of the distribution of the magnetic field in the monitoring object were obtained. The values of induction depending on the depth of the hardened layer for a fixed transition layer at different points of space relative to the surface of the object of control are obtained.

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