Effects of Particle Size on the Rubber Mixing Process and Mechanical Properties of Compound

2012 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Guang Yi Lin ◽  
Ben Fa Gao ◽  
Chuan Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Dispersion Degree ◽  
Filling Coefficient

In order to improve the dispersion degree of carbon black and other additives, reduce consumption of energy and the temperature of discharging rubber compound, our research has been focused on preparation of rubber compound with different rubber particle size at filling coefficient of 0.6 and 0.7 in the mixer. The power consumption, the temperature of discharging rubber compound and the dispersion of carbon black were characterized in this study. The mechanical properties of the rubber compound have also been tested. The results indicate that reducing the particle size of rubber can reduce the consumption of energy and the temperature of discharging rubber compound and improve the mechanical properties, which is very important in rubber industry

Effects of Processing Variables on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black Filled Rubber

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wijayarathna ◽  
W. V. Chang ◽  
R. Salovey
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Term Structure ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
High Structure

Abstract Vulcanizate properties such as tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and tear resistance, are often enhanced by the introduction of structural heterogeneity. This is usually achieved by incorporating fillers into the polymer matrix. In addition to the type of filler and polymer used, mechanical properties depend on factors such as filler particle size, distribution, filler-polymer interaction, and network homogeneity. These factors are largely governed by the conditions of the mixing. The most widely used filler in rubber is carbon black. Carbon black, produced by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, is in the form of fused primary aggregates which flocculate to form large secondary aggregates held together by van der Waal forces. The term structure, as applied to carbon black, commonly refers to both primary and secondary aggregates and is designated as primary or secondary structure. The reinforcement of rubber by carbon black depends considerably on the particle size and structure of the black used. Voet and associates have shown evidence that the primary structure is not broken down by shearing action during mixing. However, Heckman and Medalia and Gessler claim that fracture of the primary structure could result from severe mechanical shear. The general consensus is that breakdown of the primary structure of carbon black is not extensive in the usual mixing process. Boonstra and Medalia, among others, reported that large agglomerates remaining after insufficient mixing have a deleterious effect on the rupture properties of vulcanizates. Hence, an optimal mixing process does not destroy secondary aggregates. The secondary structure plays an important role in the dispersion of carbon black during mixing as rubber is squeezed into both primary and secondary aggregates. Low structure blacks pack much more tightly than high structure ones and are more difficult to disperse.

EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK NATURE ON DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND REINFORCEMENT OF NR VULCANIZATION BY LATEX TECHNIQUES

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-620
Author(s):  
An Dong ◽  
Zhang Zhiyi ◽  
Jia Haixiang ◽  
Shou Jinquan ◽  
Zhang Huan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrograph ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
New Process ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Filler Dispersion

ABSTRACT The influence of the structure and size of carbon black on the static mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of filled natural rubber (NR) compounds is investigated in detail. A new process for the production of carbon black master batches with enhanced mechanical properties has been developed. The unit operations in the process are the preparation of carbon black slurry in the presence of a suitable surfactant, addition of the slurry to the fresh NR latex under stirring, coagulation of the mixture by the addition of acid, dewatering of the coagulum, and drying to obtain carbon black–incorporated NR. The competence of the new technique is established by comparing the characteristics of the carbon black–incorporated NR by the mill mixing process (control). The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, and hardness, are superior for the vulcanization prepared by the latex-suspension coagulation techniques. The improvement shown by the vulcanization prepared by the latex-suspension coagulation techniques was attributed to the better filler dispersion evidenced from the scanning electron micrograph along with the attainment of a higher level of vulcanization.

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

scholarly journals Influence of Carbon Black and Silica Filler on the Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compound

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Maria Ulfah ◽  
Riastuti Fidyaningsih ◽  
Sri Rahayu ◽  
Diah Ayu Fitriani ◽  
Dita Adi Saputra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Silica Filler

Fiber Structure and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Butyl Rubber with Different Types of Carbon Black

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Threepopnatkul ◽  
D. Murphy ◽  
J. Mead ◽  
W. Zukas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Controlled Porosity ◽  
High Elongation

Abstract Breathable butyl rubber non-woven mats have been successfully produced by the electrospinning technique, providing a fibrous membrane with controlled porosity and surface area. These properties are directly related to the barrier properties of the product, including water vapor transmission, air flow resistance, aerosol resistance, and the transportation of chemical vapors. Butyl rubber is also known as a highly chemical resistant elastomer material, which can be used for applications requiring high elongation. The use of carbon black filled elastomers provides the ability to tailor the properties, such as processability, mechanical properties, and barrier properties through proper selection of carbon black type and loading. In this work, the structure and mechanical properties of electrospun butyl rubber non-woven mats were investigated using a series of carbon black types with variation in particle size and structure. Fiber diameter decreased with decreasing particle size and increasing carbon black structure. Mechanical properties can be explained by variation in density and fiber morphology of membranes. Decreasing carbon black particle size and increasing structure decreased the density, and increased tensile strength, ultimate elongation and modulus.

scholarly journals Natural Rubber/High Cis Butadiene Rubber-Filler Interactions And Rheological Properties In Rubber Airbag Compounding Formulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Ade Sholeh Hidayat ◽  
Dewi Kusuma Arti ◽  
Lies Agustine ◽  
Mahendra Aggaravidya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
General Application ◽  
Optimum Formulation ◽  
Strain Sweep

The rheological properties of rubber compound in general application and especially rubber airbag compounding is very important to predict the mechanical properties of rubber products, as well as useful for obtaining optimum formulations in the research and development of a product. The viscoelastic properties of the rubber compound are strongly influenced by the type of rubber and the filler used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the rheological properties of rubber airbag compounding using natural rubber (NR) and high cis butadiene rubber (BR) materials with various compositions of carbon black N220 filler. The mixing of NR and BR with 90/10 phr ratio was performed in a kneader, with carbon black N220 filler variation: 35, 45, 50 phr, named as BD1, BD2 and BD3, respectively. Rheology and viscosity properties were tested using Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) 2000 Alpha Technology. The test was performed with strain sweep at 70 C and comparing 1% strain and 10% strain to indicate dispersion and homogenity. Frequency sweep was performed at 100 C at 6 cpm and 7% strain.  High strain sweep was also done as well as strain sweep after cure (ASTM D6601) which material were cured at 1800 C and strain sweep was applied at 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% to determine the mechanical properties of compound. The result showed that 35 phr of carbon black N220 (BD1) was the optimum formulation since compounds BD3 and BD2 have higher elastic torque (S’) peaks and may be harder to process as a result. The results for Tan (Delta) from all compounds in the high strain sweep verify that compounds BD3 and BD2 have lower Tan(Delta) values and therefore will probably have more difficulty in processing. The highest peak of modulus values at low strain indicates the carbon black with the highest reinforcement or the worst dispersion. BD3 and BD2 have high peak modulus value which is show the worse dispersion compared to BD1. Keywords: rheology, rubber airbag, filler, RPA

The Influence of Carbon Black on the Reversion Process in Sulfur-Accelerated Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Chen ◽  
J. L. Koenig ◽  
J. R. Shelton ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Universal Curve ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
System Operating

Abstract The effect of carbon black upon the reversion process in the sulfur-accelerated vulcanization of natural rubber has been studied. It is found that black-filled cure systems have a faster rate of vulcanization and better reversion resistance. The net decrease of trans-methine content, which is equivalent to the improvement of reversion resistance, is found to be at most 15%, with the initial 10 pphr loading yielding the greatest effect. However, those decreases of trans-methine content are small when compared with the substantial effects of these fillers on the physical-mechanical properties of the vulcanizate, which is a linear function of black loading. In general, the smaller the black particle size, the greater the improvement of the reversion resistance, but particle size alone is not the only factor affecting reversion. A universal curve is obtained for correlating the amount of reversion and trans-methine content, which is independent of any natural rubber-based curing system, operating conditions and type of fillers.

scholarly journals KETAHANAN USANG BARANG JADI KARET PEGANGAN SETANG SEPEDA MOTOR DARI TEPUNG KULIT KERANG

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Rahmaniar Rahmaniar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Visual Test ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Test Result

Padding used to strengthen and enlarge rubber volume, can improve the quality of rubbery goods’physical characteristics and vulcanization. The objectives of the research were to obtain the formulation ofrubber compound met SNI standardvaried with particle size of flour clamshell and ratio composition of padding(clamshell flour: carbon black). The experimental design of the research was Completely RandomizedFactorial Design. The first factor was concentration of clamshell flour in particle size (A): A1:30 phr, A2:40 phr, A3: 50 phr. The second was ratio composition of padding (clamshell flour: carbon black N330) (B):B1 = 15:55 phr, B2=25:45 phr and B3=35:35 phr. Testing on quality of rubber compound’s characteristicsincludevisual test, modulus, and ageing resistance including hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break.The result showed that visual test for physical compound characteristics value is no defect for all formula, 55– 104% for modulus, while compound physical test after ageing process shows 56 – 64 shore A for hardness,106 – 129 kg/cm2 for tensile strength, 336 – 579% for elongation at break. Test result for all parametersmeets SNI 06-7031-2004 as the standard for motorcycle grip handle.Keywords: rubber compound, Flour Clamshell, carbon black.

Filler Choices in the Rubber Industry

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Dannenberg
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Calcium Carbonates ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Inorganic Fillers

Abstract A wide variety of inorganic fillers are produced for the rubber industry. The most important are the clays, precipitated silicas and silicates, and the ground and precipitated calcium carbonates. The silicas and silicates provide the broadest particle size range falling into the carbon black range from FEF (N550) to finer than SAF (N110). The clays and calcium carbonates are in the larger carbon black particle size range from coarser than thermal black (N990) to FEF (N550). if particle size were the only important parameter determining the usefulness of rubber fillers, these products would meet the requirements presently served by carbon black. Their failure to be interchangeable with the carbon blacks is due to their lower modulus and reinforcement performance. These deficiencies are caused by the nature of their surfaces, which are generally more polar and hydrated than carbon black. This makes them more difficult to adhere to and interact with the rubber phase. In order to improve the surface interaction of inorganic fillers with hydrocarbon rubbers, a number of new polymer-reactive, surface-treated products have been introduced. The addition of silane coupling agents during mixing has also been recommended. Silane treated clays and talc, and polymer-grafted clay and calcium carbonate are commercially available. These products are better than their base materials. For some applications, they have been suggested as alternatives to the lower reinforcing grades of carbon black. For the higher reinforcing carbon blacks, only the precipitated silicas with silane additives can be considered as alternatives. However, in tire tread applications, the performance of these combinations has not been clearly defined, and the high cost of the silanes makes their use with silica prohibitive. A more economic method for coupling may result from recent research on functionalized polymers capable of reacting with the surface silanol groups of silica. This survey also includes two finely divided carbonaceous fillers made from coal and petroleum coke. Blends of these materials with more reinforcing carbon blacks and other fillers have been recommended as alternatives to the carbon blacks in the thermal to SRF range. A number of commercial fillers have been suggested as alternatives to the lower reinforcing grades of carbon black for some applications. There are no satisfactory substitute products for the medium to high reinforcing grades of carbon black.

Mechanical Properties of Fumed Silica/PP Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 319-322
Author(s):  
Hai Qing Ma ◽  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Wen Long Li ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fumed Silica ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Dispersion Degree ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Polypropylene/fumed silica composites were prepared via melt mixing using a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. To improve the dispersion degree of the fumed silica, γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (KH-550) was used as silane coupling agent. The PP composites which obtained different fumed silica content were prepared by melt-mixing process. Then composites mechanical properties were measured by the crystal polarized light microscopy (PLM), hardness, tensile testing and so on. The results indicate that fumed silica could toughen PP resin and mechanical properties of composites were optimum when fumed silica content was 1.5 wt%.

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