Comparison of Phenol-Formaldehyde and Lignin-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Wood Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 1025 ◽  
pp. 307-311
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nor Arifin Yaakob ◽  
Rasidi Bin Roslan ◽  
Nurjannah Salim ◽  
Sarani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Low Shear

Phenolic resins are thermosetting material that is commercially produced via the condensation process of phenol and formaldehyde. However, due to the usage of petro-based materials in the production of phenolic resins, several approaches have been made, and one of the approaches is by substituting the raw materials, especially phenol, with lignin. In this study, acetosolv lignin was used to produce lignin-formaldehyde (LF) and compared with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. The resinification reaction was conducted at 85 °C for 4h. The functional group, curing behavior and the shear strength of the resins was analyzed using FTIR-ATR, DSC and Universal Testing Machine, respectively. The formation of PF and LF resins was confirmed by the presence of the methylene bridge functional group at 1460 cm-1. The curing curve shows the shift of LF resin to a higher temperature compared to the PF resin. Furthermore, the evaluation of bonding strength shows that LF resin possesses a low shear strength compared to PF resin. However, both resins pass to be adhesives for the manufacture of plywood panels based on standard JIS K-6852.

scholarly journals Phenol-Furfural Resin/Montmorillonite Based High-Pressure Green Composite from Renewable Feedstock (Saccharum munja) with Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Asad ◽  
Azhar Mahmood ◽  
Syed Tasweer Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Saccharum Munja

This research endeavour aimed to explore the potential of a native, nonedible and low market value plant feedstock, i.e., Saccharum munja for green synthesis of woodware materials and improve its features by incorporating an economical blending material. A significant amount of furfural, i.e., 58%, was extracted from Saccharum munja through the modified acid digestion method. Extracted furfural was reacted with phenol to prepare phenol-furfural resin, an alternative to phenol-formaldehyde resin but with no harmful effects for humans. The synthesized resin was also blended with montmorillonite clay after modification via Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment for improved thermo-mechanical properties. These resins and composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Resultant resins and composites were further employed as a binding agent to make high-pressure composite from leftover plant residue by hot-press method. The resultant product was subjected to TGA analysis and furnished high value of degradation temperature (Tdeg), i.e., 607 °C. Prepared high-pressure composite samples were mechanically tested through compression tests by Tinius Olsen Testing Machine and hardness tests by Rockwell Hardness Tester. Its tensile strength value was 58.3 MPa while hardness value was found to be 64 RHB which was greater than mild copper with hardness value 48.9 RHB. Thus, green high-pressure composite material was successfully developed by employing Saccharum munja and montmorillonite clay while no toxic resin was used, nor was any residue left over.

Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-Acetone Resins

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Shabliy ◽  
Victor A. Klushin ◽  
Nina V. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Synthesis Conditions

5-hydroxymethylfurfural-acetone (5-HMFA) resins are obtained on the basis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and acetone, that is, from monomers whose source of raw materials is renewable resources (agricultural waste). The 5-HMFA condensation reaction was carried out under various experimental conditions. The synthesis conditions for 5-HMFA were selected with a yield of the desired product of 51%. The resulting resins were pressed at various curing temperatures and tested for compressive strength and absorption of water. The optimum pressing temperature was set to 180 ° C. The resulting composites have a strength not inferior to the strength of phenol-formaldehyde resin composites, but have a 3 times higher water resistance.

Thermal and Dynamic Investigations on Brake Pad Composites Produced with Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao V.W. Silveira ◽  
Edison Bittencourt ◽  
Zaida J. Águila
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Brake Pads

Brake pads are composite materials which have been constantly improved by new materials that increase the quality and reduce the non-renewable raw materials. The goal of this work is to study the behavior of brake pads produced with replacement of phenol-formaldehyde resin by lignin up to 40% weight ratio. The Krauss method of characterization and SEM analysis were employed. The results showed an average friction coefficient approximately to μm=0.4 and a heterogeneous surface morphology. The satisfactory results are compatible with the current friction materials.

scholarly journals Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR): In Comparison with Cashew Nut Oil Modified Phenolic Resin

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Uthai Thepsuwan ◽  
Weenusarin Intiya ◽  
Promsak Sa-Nguanthammarong ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-oui ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Oil Resistance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cashew Nut

The influences of two phenolic resins, that is, cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP), on properties of carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated and compared. Processability, cure characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal ageing resistance, and oil resistance of the NBR filled with various contents of phenolic resins (0-60 phr) were determined. The addition of both resins leads to a prolonged cure time with a greater value of torque difference. Regardless of the resin type, the improvement of compound processability and the enhancement of modulus and hardness of the NBR vulcanisates are observed with increasing resin content. However, many mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion resistance are deteriorated. Thermal ageing resistance of the NBR vulcanisate is slightly improved in the presence of both resins, probably due to the dilution of NBR with the high heat-resistant phenol-formaldehyde resins. Results also disclose that all NBR vulcanisates demonstrate excellent oil resistance, regardless of the resin type and content. At any given resin content, CN-m-PF gives a better processability, higher stiffness and greater mechanical properties than BMP. However, due to its lower cost, BMP can be used to enhance stiffness of NBR vulcanisates without the risk of processing problem.

Processing Variable Optimization of Plywood Hot Pressed with Ba2+-Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin by a Response Surface Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Zhangmin Chen ◽  
Yuhe Chen ◽  
Hanjiang Cai ◽  
Jian Han
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Processing Variable

Abstract Ba(OH)2 was added in the synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resin to realize a low-temperature and fast-bonding process for plywood production. Plywood bonding was investigated by studying a number of parameters, such as the glue spread, the amount of curing agent, and the temperature and duration of the hot-pressing process. The plywood bonding strength was characterized by the shear strength of the adhesive layer, and a mathematical model describing the process and the response was developed using a central composite design and response surface methods. The variance analysis revealed that the newly developed model was reliable, with a high signal-to-noise ratio. All the factors and their interactions were analyzed to optimize the bonding process. Thus, seven optimized processes were obtained from the model, and the optimal process conditions were revealed (glue spread: 277.8 g/m2; amount of curing agent: 3.5%; hot-pressing temperature: 108°C; and hot-pressing duration: 34.99 s/mm). The results from repeated average shear strength experiments of five veneer testing samples (1.64 MPa) verified the reliability of the optimized technics.

Study on the Curing Process of Allyl Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 282-283 ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jing Kun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Allyl Chloride ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
The Matrix

Allyl phenol-formaldehyde (APF) resin was synthesized by using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and allyl chloride as raw materials and sodium hydroxide as alkali catalyst, and its curing process was investigated. The results showed that APF could not only dissolve in polar solvents, but also dissolve in nonpolar solvent. The APF started curing from around 180°C, and it was higher than PF. The curing took place by polyaddition at allyl double bonds, and a wider controllable curing range of 44°C was obtained. The cured surface of the matrix manifested a continuous phase.

Preparation and Characterization of Lignin from Malaysian Coconut Coir Husk (CCH) as a Potential Precursor in Phenol-Formaldehyde (Phenolic) Resins for the Plastics Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Fatin Nabila Saari ◽  
Dalina Samsudin ◽  
Nor Mazlina Abdul Wahab ◽  
Noor Aishatun Majid ◽  
Rusli Daik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Coconut Coir ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Coconut coir husk (CCH) was chosen to extract it lignin due to high lignin content comparable with other natural fibre. The lignin was extracted and its utilization in production of phenolic resin was investigated. The percentage extracted lignin obtained in this studied was 38.1% which indicated the high yield of lignin. Two phenolic resins were prepared, which are phenol-formaldehyde resin and lignin-formaldehyde resin. The functional group present in the lignin and both phenolic resins were further analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings from the infrared spectra of the lignin-formaldehyde resin were similar to the phenol-formaldehyde resin. These indicate that lignin can be partially used as phenol in phenolic resin synthesis.

scholarly journals Prospects for obtaining phenol-formaldehyde oligomers

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
A. P. Alieva
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Carbon Foams

The article provides an overview of recent studies in the development of new methods for the synthesis and use of phenolformaldehyde oligomers. Prospects for carrying out scientific work in this direction, associated with the availability of raw materials, technological and applied aspects, have been substantiated. The main areas of application of phenolic resins have been identified. Special attention is paid to coatings, adhesives, binders, as well as carbon foams based on them. New methods for the modification of phenol-formaldehyde oligomers are described, as well as new compositions of modifying agents for the purposeful change in the complex of their properties.

scholarly journals QUALITY OF PLYWOODS OBTAINED FROM Melia azedarach COMBINED WITH Pinus taeda, PRODUCED WITH UREA-FORMALDEHYDE AND PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setsuo Iwakiri ◽  
Rosilani Trianoski ◽  
Vinicius Gomes Castro ◽  
Carlos Frederico Alice Parchen ◽  
Roberto Daniel Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Glue Line ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Shear Tests ◽  
Wood Veneer

AbstractThis study was developed to evaluate the quality of plywood produced from Melia azedarach in combination with Pinus taeda, glued with urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF). Panels were produced using five veneers of Melia azedarach only, five veneers of Pinus taeda and also with faces made of Melia azedarach and core with Pinus taeda. The panels were evaluated by glue line shear tests and by static bending in parallel and perpendicular directions. The higher contents of extractives in Melia azedarach wood did not reduce the glue line shear strength between the layers. For both UF and PF glues, panels produced with veneers of Melia azedarach showed better results on static bending and glue line shear tests. The results indicate great potential of Melia azedarach wood in plywood production, both for internal use (UF), and for external use (PF).Keywords: Cinamomo; wood veneer; glue line. ResumoQualidade de painéis compensados de Melia azedarach em combinação com Pinus taeda produzidos com resina uréia-formaldeído e fenol-formaldeído. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de painéis compensados de Melia azedarach em combinação com Pinus taeda, produzidos com resina ureia-formaldeído (UF) e fenol-formaldeído (FF). Foram produzidos painéis com todas as cinco lâminas de Melia azedarach e de Pinus taeda, e capas de Melia azedarach e miolo de Pinus taeda. Os painéis foram avaliados por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento da linha de cola e flexão estática paralela e perpendicular. Maiores teores de extrativos presentes na madeira de Melia azedarach não prejudicaram a resistência da linha de cola entre as lâminas. Tanto para a colagem uréica, quanto para a fenólica, os painéis produzidos com lâminas de Melia azedarach apresentaram melhores resultados nos ensaios de flexão estática e de cisalhamento da linha de cola. Os resultados obtidos indicam grande potencial da madeira de Melia azedarach para produção de painéis compensados, tanto para uso interior (UF), quanto para uso exterior (FF).Palavras-chave: Cinamomo; lâminas de madeira; linha de cola.

scholarly journals Manufacture and Characterization of Heat-Resistant and Heat-Insulating New Composites Based on Resol Resin–Carbon Fibers–Perlite for the Built Heritage Protection

Scanning ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
George Soupionis ◽  
Loukas Zoumpoulakis
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Heat Resistant

Composite materials were created for usage as reinforcement and to protect the building envelope based on today’s global conditions such as climate change. Composite materials were manufactured using phenol-formaldehyde resin (case of resol) as a matrix, carbon fiber as reinforcement (7.5%v/v), and perlite (10%w/w) as a low thermal conductivity component, to combine high mechanical properties with good heat resistance and good thermal insulation properties. The structure of these new materials was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis (SEM-EDS). The addition of perlite (10%w/w) in the resite matrix (without fibers) increased the flexural and shear strength of the composite materials. On the other hand, the composite materials with fiber reinforcement show that the perlite reduces the flexural and shear strength due to the additional interfaces which were created. During heat treatment at 473 K, carbon fibers had the smallest weight loss followed by perlite while the resite matrix (i.e., the cured resol) shows the greatest weight loss. It is noted that the role of perlite is to stabilize the mass of the resite matrix during heat treatment. The composite material with carbon fibers and perlite is a heat-resistant material with only 2% weight loss at 473 K for 1 hour and shows a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, making it a new material in the direction of heat-insulating materials.

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