Preparation of Iron Nitride Material from Natural Iron Sand

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Indra Sidharta ◽  
Nur Hidayat Romadhon ◽  
Rakhasoni Firman Syah ◽  
Rayhan Kurnia Hafiyanda ◽  
Darminto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Nitrides ◽  
Iron Nitride ◽  
Magnetic Composite ◽  
Nitriding Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nitride Material ◽  
Gas Nitriding ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Iron nitride is a promising material for soft magnetic composite. In the current research, iron nitride compound was produced from natural iron sand, involving coprecipitation and gas nitriding. Prior to coprecipitation, natural iron sands were separated magnetically to obtain pure Fe3O4. Afterward, the coprecipitation was carried out to obtain nanosized Fe3O4. Gas nitriding of Fe3O4 powders was performed at different temperatures i.e. 500 °C, 600 °C and 700 °C, under flowing NH3 gas. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are used to investigate the phases obtained after the nitriding process. XRD patterns of the resulted powder indicate that nitriding temperature at 600 °C and 700 °C can produce iron nitride material, i.e. ε-Fe3N. While nitriding temperature of 500 °C is not able to yield iron nitrides. SEM examination reveals that the ε-Fe3N has irregular lamellar morphology. Some impurities are still detected, in the form of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Ti2O3 and TiO2. Further works regarding the examination of the magnetic properties of the powders will be carried out.

Phase Transformations in ε-/γ'-Iron Nitride Compound Layers in the Temperature Range of 613 K - 693 K

2005 ◽  
Vol 237-240 ◽  
pp. 1147-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Liapina ◽  
Andreas Leineweber ◽  
Eric J. Mittemeijer
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Compound Layer ◽  
Iron Nitride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Nitriding ◽  
Different Temperatures

ε/γ'-iron nitride (ε-Fe3N1+x, γ'-Fe4N) compound layers with thicknesses of about 10 µm were grown on pure α-Fe by gas nitriding at 823 K followed by quenching and were annealed at different temperatures in the range of 613 K – 693 K for different periods of time. These heat treatments led to a redistribution of nitrogen within the compound layer as well as between the compound layer and the adjacent ferrite, inducing thickness changes of the ε- and γ'-layers. The changes were analysed by light microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. Models to describe and interpret the phase transformations in the ε/γ'-iron nitride compound layers as a function of time and temperature are discussed.

scholarly journals Biochar-Supported FeS/Fe3O4 Composite for Catalyzed Fenton-Type Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Wang ◽  
Xiaoxiao Zhu ◽  
Dongqing Feng ◽  
Anthony K. Hodge ◽  
Liujiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Magnetic Composite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Magnetite Fe3o4 ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Cost Efficient

The Fenton-type oxidation catalyzed by iron minerals is a cost-efficient and environment-friendly technology for the degradation of organic pollutants in water, but their catalytic activity needs to be enhanced. In this work, a novel biochar-supported composite containing both iron sulfide and iron oxide was prepared, and used for catalytic degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin through Fenton-type reactions. Dispersion of FeS/Fe3O4 nanoparticles was observed with scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Formation of ferrous sulfide (FeS) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in the composite was validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ciprofloxacin (initial concentration = 20 mg/L) was completely degraded within 45 min in the system catalyzed by this biochar-supported magnetic composite at a dosage of 1.0 g/L. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were proved to be the major reactive species contributing to the degradation reaction. The biochar increased the production of ·OH, but decreased the consumption of H2O2, and helped transform Fe3+ into Fe2+, according to the comparison studies using the unsupported FeS/Fe3O4 as the catalyst. All the three biochars prepared by pyrolysis at different temperatures (400, 500 and 600 °C) were capable for enhancing the reactivity of the iron compound catalyst.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Cysteine-Capped CdSe Nanoparticles Using an Alternative of Selenium

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2457-2460
Author(s):  
K.E. Mokubung ◽  
M.J. Moloto ◽  
K.P. Mubiayi ◽  
N. Moloto
Keyword(s):  
Cdse Nanoparticles ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
Prepared Nanoparticles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Average Size

Present work reports synthesis of L-cysteine capped CdSe nanoparticles at different temperatures via an aqueous medium, non-toxic and green colloidal route. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2·5H2O) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were used as cadmium and selenium sources respectively. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized by UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD patterns confirm a cubic phase structure of the prepared nanoparticles at 55, 75 and 95 ºC, respectively. The TEM analysis, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra shows epitaxial growth of CdSe nanoparticles as the temperature increases with average size diameter of 4.12 ± 0.32, 5.02 ± 0.234 and 5.53 ± 0.321 nm for 55, 75 and 95 ºC, respectively.

Interfacial Reactions Between Ain Substrate And 4-A Family Elements

1995 ◽  
Vol 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Du ◽  
Xiangjun He ◽  
Kun Tao
Keyword(s):  
Direct Product ◽  
Vapour Deposition ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Physical Vapour Deposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Xrd Patterns

ABSTRACTInterfacial reactions between A1N substrate and 4A-family elements including Ti, Zr and Hf were studied. The samples were prepared by Physical Vapour Deposition and annealed at different temperatures from 200°C to 800°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were employed to detect the compounds formed at the interfaces between them. For Ti/AIN system, when the samples were annealed from 600°C to 800°C for 1 hour, it was found from XRD patterns that TiAl3, TiN, and Ti4N3.x including Ti2N were formed at Ti/AIN interface. With the temperature increasing, the intensities of Ti, TiN(200), Ti2N and Ti4N3.x diffraction peaks decreased while that of TiAl3 and TiN(111) increased. For Zr/AlN system, it was found that the reactions between Zr and AlN resulted in the formation of Al3Zr at about 300°C and Al2Zr at about 500°C. According to RBS spectra, it can be assumed that Al3Zr was the direct product by the reaction between AlN and Zr and Al2Zr was formed by the reaction between Al3Zr and Zr. For Hf/AlN system, however, even the sample was annealed at 800°C, no compound resulted from interfacial reactions was detected.

Morphology and microstructural properties of TiO2 nanopowders doped with trivalent Al and Ga cations

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2080-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Depero ◽  
A. Marino ◽  
B. Allieri ◽  
E. Bontempi ◽  
L. Sangaletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Microstructural Properties ◽  
Crystallite Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microstructural Parameters ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Trivalent Cations ◽  
Tio2 Nanopowders ◽  
Xrd Patterns

The effects of doping on the morphological and microstructural properties of TiO2 nanopowders produced by laser pyrolysis were investigated mainly by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy. Samples of TiO2 powders were prepared by doping with different trivalent cations (Al and Ga). The powders were calcined at different temperatures in the range 400–1000 °C for 18 h, as well as at constant T = 700 °C up to 160 h. After each thermal treatment, XRD patterns were collected. The analysis of XRD patterns allowed us to estimate the microstrains and average crystallite size and to observe the evolution of the microstructural parameters with temperature. Both Al and Ga inhibited the crystallite growth of TiO2 anatase and the rutile phases, this effect being larger in the Al-doped powders.

Magnetic Properties of Mg0.4Ca0.6Fe2O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method for Hyperthermia Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 631 ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
A.M. Escamilla-Pérez ◽  
D.A. Cortés-Hernández ◽  
J.M. Almanza-Robles ◽  
D. Mantovani ◽  
P. Chevallier
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hyperthermia Treatment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Powders of Mg0.4Ca0.6Fe2O4were prepared by sol-gel using ethylene glycol and Mg, Ca and Fe nitrates as starting materials. Those powders were heat treated at different temperatures (300, 400, 500 and 600 °C) for 30 min. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The Ca-Mg ferrite with the most appropriate magnetic properties was further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The heating capability of the nanoferrites was also tested via magnetic induction. The XRD patterns of these Ca-Mg ferrites showed a cubic inverse spinel structure. Furthermore, neither traces of hematite nor orthorhombic Ca ferrite phases were detected. Moreover, all the Ca-Mg ferrites are superparamagnetic and the particle size distribution of these Ca-Mg magnetic nanoparticles exhibits an average diameter within the range of 10-14 nm. The needed temperature for hyperthermia treatment was achieved at around 12 min.

Temperature and Orientation Effects in Iron Nitride Crystal Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Lowder ◽  
W. Franzen ◽  
R. J. Culbertson
Keyword(s):  
Implantation Dose ◽  
Iron Nitride ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Implantation Temperature ◽  
Orientation Effects ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACTPure rolled iron foils 0.025 mm thick have been implanted at two different angles of incidence and at several different temperatures. The implantation dose in each case was 5×1017 atoms/cm2. Both implanted and unimplanted foils were analyzed by transmission x-ray diffraction. Foils implanted at 320 ± 5°C exhibit peaks that correspond to the formation of several different phases of iron-nitride crystals, as observed by other investigators.[ 1,2] No such formation takes place at an implantation temperature of-20°C. We have evidence that the orientation of the iron nitride crystals is correlated with the orientation of the iron crystals.

X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers with Varying Crystallinity

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatin Afifah Ahmad Kuthi ◽  
Khairiah Haji Badri ◽  
Azlin Mohmad Azman
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Crystallinity of oil palm fiber from empty fruit bunch (EFB) with and without tretaments was studied by analyzing the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. In this paper, we focused on the effect of acid hydrolysis onto EFB on the crystallinity of the extracted cellulose. The reaction was carried out by soaking EFB in 1% (v/v) aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at different temperatures of 120, 130 and 140°C for 1 h. The XRD patterns significantly showed changes in the 2θ peaks before and after the treatment. These changes were described in term of polymorphs type present, reflection and allomorphs of the samples. XRD peak high and XRD deconvolution methods were used to calculate and compare the percentage of crystallinity of untreated EFB (UT-EFB) and acid hydrolyzed samples (AH-EFB). Based on the calculation, increment of about 1.3 times and 1.5 times were achieved by using WAXS and XRD deconvolution methods respectively. This is due to the removal of amorphous part contributed by lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of similar peaks in AH-EFB and commercial microcrystalline cellulose (C-MCC) at 1427, 1315, 895 and 1022 cm-1. The micrographic features showed the acid hydrolysis had successfully took place and separated the EFB microfibrils bundles.

Property Comparison of CuInSi Films Prepared by Multilayer Synthesized and Magnetron Co-Sputtering

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 3755-3761
Author(s):  
Jian Sheng Xie ◽  
Jin Hua Li ◽  
Ping Luan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Nanocomposite Thin Films ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Using magnetron sputtering technology, the CuInSi nanocomposite thin films were prepared by magnetron co-sputtering method and multilayer synthesized method respectively,and followed by annealing in N2 atmosphere at different temperatures. The structure of CuInSi nanocomposite films were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD); X-ray diffraction studies of the annealed films indicate the presence of CuInSi, the peak of main crystal phase is at about 2θ=42.308°,meanwhile,there are In2O3 peak and other peaks in the XRD patterns of films. The morphology of the film surface was studied by SEM. The SEM images show that the crystalline of the film prepared by multilayer synthesized method was granulated, But the crystalline of the film prepared by magnetron co-sputtering with needle shape. The grain size is a few hundred angstroms. The band gap has been estimated from the optical absorption studies and found to be about 1.40 eV for the sample by magnetron co-sputtering, and 1.45eV for the sample by multilayer synthesized, but all changes with the purity of CuInSi.

scholarly journals Y3Fe5O12 Nanocatalyst for Green ammonia Production by Using Magnetic Induction Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorhana Yahya ◽  
Poppy Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Oxide Phase ◽  
Metallic Phase ◽  
Temperature Program Reduction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Induction Method ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Ammonia production is an energy-intensive industry as it requires high temperature (400-500°C) and also high pressure (150-300bar). This motivates research to finding greener and lower energy process for ammonia synthesis. In this work, Y3Fe5O12(YIG) nanocatalyst that has large surface area was synthesized. Ammonia was produced at ambient environment by using the Magnetic Induction Method (MIM).The Y3Fe5O12nanoparticles were prepared using the sol-gel technique and were sintered at three different temperatures (950-1150°C). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns show the major peak at [42 plane with the value of a=b=c=12.38Åwhich indicates a cubic structure. The magnetic saturation (Ms) value of the samples is 16.6emu/g. The reducibility of the particles was described from the Temperature Program Reduction (TPR) profile at 806°C where all the oxide phase is changed to metallic phase. Ammonia yield of 242.56μmole/h.g-cat was successfully obtained at 0°C reaction temperature. It was observed that ammonia synthesis that was conducted at 0°C temperature resulted in higher ammonia yield indicating a better spin alignment and hence improved catalytic activities.

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