X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers with Varying Crystallinity

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatin Afifah Ahmad Kuthi ◽  
Khairiah Haji Badri ◽  
Azlin Mohmad Azman
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Crystallinity of oil palm fiber from empty fruit bunch (EFB) with and without tretaments was studied by analyzing the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. In this paper, we focused on the effect of acid hydrolysis onto EFB on the crystallinity of the extracted cellulose. The reaction was carried out by soaking EFB in 1% (v/v) aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at different temperatures of 120, 130 and 140°C for 1 h. The XRD patterns significantly showed changes in the 2θ peaks before and after the treatment. These changes were described in term of polymorphs type present, reflection and allomorphs of the samples. XRD peak high and XRD deconvolution methods were used to calculate and compare the percentage of crystallinity of untreated EFB (UT-EFB) and acid hydrolyzed samples (AH-EFB). Based on the calculation, increment of about 1.3 times and 1.5 times were achieved by using WAXS and XRD deconvolution methods respectively. This is due to the removal of amorphous part contributed by lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of similar peaks in AH-EFB and commercial microcrystalline cellulose (C-MCC) at 1427, 1315, 895 and 1022 cm-1. The micrographic features showed the acid hydrolysis had successfully took place and separated the EFB microfibrils bundles.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Analysis of Selected Area Diffraction Patterns With Winjade

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 342-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Walck ◽  
P. Ruzakowski-Athey
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Program Module ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

The analysis of Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) patterns that are collected from a single phase material having sufficient crystallites to provide continuous rings is relatively straightforward. However, when this condition is not met and there may be several phases present having rings of a spotty nature, the pattern is complex and can be quite difficult to analyze manually because of the vast number of discrete spots. WinJade from MDI is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis program with an Electron Diffraction Program Module (EDPM) that can be used to aid in the analysis of SAD patterns. The EDPM produces Integrated Circular Density Plots (ICDP), which are one-dimensional intensity profiles plotted as a function of equivalent XRD 20 values or crystal d-spacings. These ICDP's can be overlayed with XRD patterns or with reference lines from the NIST and JCPDS crystalline databases for direct comparisons.

Effect of Different Solutions on Hydrothermal Treatment of β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold

2017 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Fadilah Darus ◽  
Mariatti Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Before And After

Carbonate apatite would be ideal for bone substitute due to its composition of 4-8% carbonate similar to bone mineral. The purpose of the present study was to produce carbonate apatite scaffold by using hydrothermal treatment of β-TCP scaffold as a precursor. The effect of different solutions on hydrothermal treatment was studied. The microstructure of scaffold before and after hydrothermal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is observed that surface characteristics are governed by the types of immersion solution. The typical smooth surface of the β-TCP scaffold was observed before hydrothermal. Different morphology was observed after hydrothermal in different solutions. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that the peak of apatite with low intensities present after hydrothermal treatment in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.

Preparation and Characterization of Clays from Different Areas in Ban Bo Suak, Nan Province, Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Usanee Malee ◽  
Sakdiphon Thiansem
Keyword(s):  
Clay Sample ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Kiln Site ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tone Color

The scientific process was used to explain characterization and physical properties of the clay sample close to the ancient Nan kiln site. These samples were obtained from JQA, FQB, PQC and NQD. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique were used to determine the chemical composition and phase transformation before and after fired at 800-1250 °C. XRF result was confirmed that all clay samples mainly contained SiO2(>80 wt. %) XRD pattern indicated that quartz was the majority of phase in the all of them. High amount of Fe2O3(>1.6 wt. %) was related to the red-brown tone color. The clay sample could be fired up to 1280 °C without wrapping behavior; it was found that FQB clay had the highest firing resistance due to the maximum quartz content.

An X-ray diffraction system with controlled relative humidity and temperature

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hashizume ◽  
S. Shimomura ◽  
H. Yamada ◽  
T. Fujita ◽  
H. Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Saturated Water Vapor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Sample Chamber ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

A system enabling X-ray diffraction patterns under controlled conditions of relative humidity and temperature has been devised and combined with an X-ray powder diffractometer. Relative humidity in the sample space is controlled by mixing dry N2 gas with saturated water vapor. Temperatures of the sample and inner wall of the sample chamber are monitored by two attached thermocouples and the information was fed back to the control unit. Relative humidity between 0% and the 95%, and temperature between room temperature and 60 °C can be controlled. All parameters including those for XRD are programmable and the system runs automatically. The function of the system was checked by recording the XRD patterns of montmorillonite (a clay mineral) and NaCl under increasing and decreasing relative humidity.

Effect of Post-Deposition Annealing on some Optical Properties of Thermally-Evaporated V2O5 Thin Film

2012 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
S.A. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Post Deposition Annealing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectral Behaviour ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Reflectance Measurements ◽  
Post Deposition

A Vanadium Pentoxide Sample with a Film Thickness of 75 Nm Has Been Thermally Evaporated on Unheated Glass Substrate Using V2O5High Purity Powder. the Sample Was Subjected to a Subsequent Post-Deposition Annealing in Air at Different Temperatures for a Period of One Hour. the Optical Properties Were Studied by Transmittance and Reflectance Measurements. the Integrated Visible ,TVis, and Solar, TSol, Transmittance Were Calculated. the Spectral Behaviour of the Refractive Index as Well as the Absorption Coefficient before and after Post-Deposition Heat-Treatment Was Also Reported. X-Ray Diffraction Confirmed that the Film in the as-Deposited as Well as after Annealing up to 400 °C Is in the Amorphous State.

A Quantitative Picture of the Fringed Micellar Model of Cellulose

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Scallan
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Recent Interpretation

Quantitative diagrams of the fringed micellar model have been produced for tire cord, Fortisan, wood cellulose, cotton, ramie and bacterial cellulose, based on the results of the reactivities of these celluloses towards deuterium oxide and acid hydrolysis. The hypothesis has been used that rapid acid hydrolysis occurs in the truly amorphous zones, whereas deuteration occurs not only in these zones but also on the surfaces of the crystallites. It is from this hypothesis that calculations of crystallinity, crystallite width, and crystallite length have been made. The calculated fractional crystallinities of native celluloses are, therefore, in the range of 0.89-0.96, while those of regenerated celluloses range from 0.65 to 0.85. These crystallinities are higher than previously accepted values and are more in keeping with the most recent interpretation of x-ray diffraction patterns. The values of calculated crystallite width were about 17Å for the regenerated celluloses and 32Å for native celluloses. The latter value is close to that currently proposed by electron microscopists. Crystallite lengths were calculated from the levelling-off DP found on acid hydrolysis. The various methods of measuring crystallinity are discussed in terms of the model, as are microfibrils, crystallites, and paracrystalline cellulose.

scholarly journals Liquid-Phase Catalytic Oxidation of Limonene to Carvone over ZIF-67(Co)

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Li ◽  
Yepeng Yang ◽  
Daomei Chen ◽  
Zhifang Luo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Product Selectivity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of limonene was carried out under mild conditions, and carvone was produced in the presence of ZIF-67(Co), cobalt based zeolitic imidazolate framework, as catalyst, using t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) as oxidant and benzene as solvent. As a heterogeneous catalyst, the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-67(Co) exhibited reasonable substrate–product selectivity (55.4%) and conversion (29.8%). Finally, the X-ray diffraction patterns of the catalyst before and after proved that ZIF-67(Co) acted as a heterogeneous catalyst, and can be reused without losing its activity to a great extent.

The structure of zeolite LZ-277

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 784-785
Author(s):  
C. A. Bateman ◽  
R. M. Kirchner
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Physical Mixture ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Patterns

LZ-277 is a new aluminosilicate molecular sieve. It has an x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern nearly identical to zeolite phi but with a much smaller pore size. Whether LZ-277 and phi-like materials are intergrowths or a physical mixture of phases has been a matter of debate. The ability to determine the structure of complex zeolites has been enhanced by HREM and, more recently, by the ability to simulate XRD patterns of faulted materials. In this study, the structure of zeolite LZ-277 is reported and confirmed by simulating the XRD pattern of this highly faulted material.The low magnification micrograph shows the faulted and intergrown disc morphology typical of this material (Figure 1). The faulting is most typically twinning on (001), and is shown in the [010] diffraction pattern (Figure 2). The pattern is indexed on an a = 1.38 nm, c = 1.50 nm unit cell and both lattice parameters and systematic absences are consistent with chabazite in space group Rm.

Preparation and Application of Carboxyl-Functioned Magnetic Nanoparticles for Arylsulfatase Immobilization

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 7408-7415
Author(s):  
Yongxing Li ◽  
Qiong Xiao ◽  
Qin Yin ◽  
Hui Ni ◽  
Yanbing Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sulfate Ester ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Arylsulfatase, one of a few enzymes that can enhance the gelling strength of agar by cleaving the sulfate ester bonds in agar, was covalently immobilized with carboxyl functioned magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs). The resultant CMNPs and immobilized arylsulfatase were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM result indicated that the CMNPs and immobilized arylsulfatase had a similar mean particle size of 10 nm. The arylsulfatase-CMNPs had a mean diameter of 1200 nm in aqueous solution determined by the DLS, which was much bigger than the CMNPs (433.6 nm). The different sizes demonstrated that the arylsulfatase was coated on CMNPs successfully. XRD showed that diffraction patterns of the CMNPs and arylsulfatase-CMNPs were close to the standard XRD pattern of Fe3O4. Saturation magnetizations were 52.1 emu/g for carriers and 47.9 emu/g for immobilized arylsulfatase, which indicated that the particles had superparamagnetic characteristics. The TGA revealed that the amount of arylsulfatase bound to the surface of CMNPs was 5.65%. The arylsulfatase exhibited better thermal stability and reusability after immobilization, the immobilized arylsulfatase can retain more than 50% enzyme activity up to the 9th cycle.

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