Evolution of Residual Strains in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels and the Accompanying Strain Induced Martensitic Transformation

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hedström ◽  
Jonathan Almer ◽  
Ulrich Lienert ◽  
Magnus Odén
Keyword(s):  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Austenite Grains

The deformation behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301, suffering different initial cold rolling reduction, has been investigated during uniaxial tensile loading. In situ highenergy x-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the residual strain evolution and the strain induced martensitic transformation. Moreover, the 3DXRD technique was employed to characterize the deformation behavior of individual austenite grains during elastic and early plastic deformation. The cold rolling reduction was found to induce compressive residual strains in the austenite along rolling direction and balancing tensile residual strains in the ά-martensite. The opposite residual strain state was found in the transverse direction. The residual strain states of five individual austenite grains in the bulk of a sample suffering 2% cold rolling reduction was found to be divergent. The difference among the grains, considering both the residual strains and the evolution of these, could not be solely explained by elastic and plastic anisotropy. The strain states of the five austenite grains are also a consequence of the local neighborhood.

scholarly journals The Microstructure and Deformation Behavior of Al-Fe-Mn Alloys with Different Fe Contents during Cold Rolling

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Pan ◽  
Yifu Shen ◽  
Pizhi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Work Hardening ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
Work Softening ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction ◽  
Deformation Behaviors

The microstructure transformations and deformation behavior of Al-Fe-Mn alloys with different Fe contents during their cold rolling process were investigated by means of hardness testing, conductivity testing, and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that the hardness of the two alloys increased initially along with the levels of cold rolling reduction, then reduced when levels of cold rolling reduction increased further. Two kinds of deformation behaviors, work hardening and work softening, were observed during cold rolling for both Al-Fe-Mn alloys with different Fe contents. The critical level of cold rolling reduction that led to the change from work hardening to work softening was different in both alloys and the critical level of cold rolling reduction of the alloy with high Fe content was significantly lower than that of the alloy with low Fe content. During the work hardening process, the number of dislocations in the alloys increased continuously as the level of cold rolling reduction increased and they were accompanied by the formation of substructures. After the occurrence of work softening, the dislocation density in the alloys was significantly reduced. The sub-grain structures polygonized and ultimately transformed into equiaxed sub-grains.

scholarly journals Twinning Behavior in Cold-Rolling Ultra-Thin Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Li Meng ◽  
Guang Ma ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Guobao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Area Fraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction ◽  
Schmid Factor ◽  
Twinning System

Twinning behaviors in grains during cold rolling have been systematically studied in preparing ultra-thin grain-oriented silicon steel (UTGO) using a commercial glassless grain-oriented silicon steel as raw material. It is found that the twinning system with the maximum Schmid factor and shear mechanical work would be activated. The area fraction of twins increased with the cold rolling reduction. The orientations of twins mainly appeared to be α-fiber (<110>//RD), most of which were {001}<110> orientation. Analysis via combining deformation orientation simulation and twinning orientation calculation suggested that {001}<110> oriented twinning occurred at 40–50% rolling reduction. The simulation also confirmed more {100} <011> oriented twins would be produced in the cold rolling process and their orientation also showed less deviation from ideal {001}<110> orientation when a raw material with a higher content of exact Goss oriented grains was used.

scholarly journals Effects of Cold Rolling Reduction on Secondary Recrystallization of Fe-3%Si Alloy

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Takahide SHIMAZU ◽  
Satoshi ARAI ◽  
Tomohiko SAKAI ◽  
Harushige TSUBAKINO
Keyword(s):  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Secondary Recrystallization ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 4Al Alumina-Forming Austenitic Steel after Cold-Rolling Deformation and Annealing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Jiang ◽  
Qiuzhi Gao ◽  
Hailian Zhang ◽  
Ziyun Liu ◽  
Huijun Li
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Austenitic Steel ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Cold Rolled

Microstructural evolutions of the 4Al alumina-forming austenitic steel after cold rolling with different reductions from 5% to 30% and then annealing were investigated using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile properties and hardness were also measured. The results show that the average grain size gradually decreases with an increase in the cold-rolling reduction. The low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are dominant in the cold-rolled samples, but high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) form in the annealed samples, indicating that the grains are refined under the action of dislocations. During cold rolling, high-density dislocations are initially introduced in the samples, which contributes to a large number of dislocations remaining after annealing. With the sustaining increase in cold-rolled deformation, the samples exhibit more excellent tensile strength and hardness due to the decrease in grain size and increase in dislocation density, especially for the samples subjected to 30% cold-rolling reduction. The contribution of dislocations on yield strength is more than 60%.

Influence of Cold Rolling Reduction on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in 204C2 Austenitic Stainless Steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Tian Yi Wang ◽  
Ren Bo Song ◽  
Heng Jun Cai ◽  
Jian Wen ◽  
Yang Su
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Rolling Reduction ◽  
Cold Rolling Reduction

The present study investigated the effect of cold rolling reduction on microstructure and mechanical properties of a 204C2 Cr–Mn austenitic stainless steel which contained 16%Cr, 2%Ni, 9%Mn and 0.083 %C). The 204C2 austenitic stainless steels were cold rolled at multifarious thickness reductions of 10%, 20%, 30%,40% and 50%, which were compared with the solution-treated one. Microstructure of them was investigated by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy. For mechanical properties investigations, hardness and tensile tests were carried out. Results shows that the cold rolling reduction induced the martensitic transformation (γ→α ́) in the structure of the austenitic stainless steel. With the increase of the rolling reduction, the amount of strain-induced martensite increased gradually. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased with the incremental rolling reduction in 204C2 stainless steels, while the elongation decreased. At the thickness reduction of 50%, the specimen obtained best strength and hardness. Hardness of 204C2 stain steel reached 679HV. Ultimate tensile strength reached 1721 MPa. Yield strength reached 1496 MPa.

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