Advances on NDT Methods and Technologies for Early Stage Diagnosis of Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Berti ◽  
Francesco De Marco ◽  
S. Aldrighetti
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Past Century ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Atomic Flux ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Significant Step

The early stage diagnoses of material lattices is becoming a crucial requirement where investigation methods and technologies are faced with both aging of components and materials. The mixing effects of wear, fatigue, temperature variation and environment conditions translate into variations of the atomic flux rate and internal rearrangement of grain size and boundaries of lattices. The related lattice measurements (e.g. the d-.spacing is one important among others) become the only one usable for early stage diagnoses of the lattice structural integrity. When such a diagnoses are the base to identify the qualification of material for the use or the re-qualification for the maintenance in the use, new technologies are required, with methods and appropriate concepts shall be used. The authors bid here to describe shortly the historical evolution of methods and techniques since the 70’s, along with the basic tests performed during the early 90’s of the past century. The technological follow up from those tests is reported along with some results which indicate the significant step up of the most recent technology toward the early stage diagnosis of material via on site x-ray diffraction. Further foreseeable development and advances are also mentioned.

Management of early breast cancer

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Develop Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
One Year

One in 12 women in Britain will develop breast cancer and in any one year 15000 women will die of the disease. Prognosis for patients with advanced breast cancer has altered little during the past 30 years, but for those diagnosed early outlook has improved. Greater public awareness coupled with a national screening programme has led more women to present at an early stage1 and gives them a greater opportunity to take advantage of improved management. In this, the first of two articles on breast cancer, we discuss developments in the management of early disease. A later article will examine the follow-up of patients with breast cancer.

Teaching New Dogs Old Tricks

2019 ◽  
pp. 479-496
Author(s):  
Neal Duckworth ◽  
Eugenie de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
The Past

This chapter discusses how the basics of espionage have remained the same, even in the digital age. The pendulum of espionage--and protection from it--has swung wide over the past century. Different public and private sectors have renewed focus on not only cyber protections, but on increased physical protection of critical assets and ensuring trusted personnel in the workforce. Within this chapter, the authors review the basics of protecting critical assets to ensure that changes in espionage can be mitigated at an early stage. While the techniques of espionage have many variables, especially in a digital age, the authors have established that the use of a risk assessment that focuses on identifying the threats, the specific variables or methods of espionage, and developing and implementing mitigation measures is of the utmost importance.

Teaching New Dogs Old Tricks

2016 ◽  
pp. 78-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Duckworth ◽  
Eugenie de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
The Past

This chapter discusses how the basics of espionage have remained the same, even in the digital age. The pendulum of espionage--and protection from it--has swung wide over the past century. Different public and private sectors have renewed focus on not only cyber protections, but on increased physical protection of critical assets and ensuring trusted personnel in the workforce. Within this chapter, the authors review the basics of protecting critical assets to ensure that changes in espionage can be mitigated at an early stage. While the techniques of espionage have many variables, especially in a digital age, the authors have established that the use of a risk assessment that focuses on identifying the threats, the specific variables or methods of espionage, and developing and implementing mitigation measures is of the utmost importance.

New Quality Assurance Tests for Building Quality Concrete Pavement

2017 ◽  
Vol 2630 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagan M. Gudimettla ◽  
Michael F. Praul ◽  
Jim Grove
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Concrete Materials ◽  
Made In

Concrete materials and paving technologies have evolved considerably during the past century. However, testing technologies for concrete during construction have not kept pace. Some of the tests that are routinely used are not necessarily performance indicators and some are not made in real time. Seven new technologies are presented that are simple, real-time, field implementable, and economical and in many cases are performance indicators. Although some of these technologies could be used during the mixture design stage, others could be used during construction and some for both purposes. These technologies can be used to supplement or, in some cases, to replace the traditional tests for paving concrete. The discussion focuses on three items: ( a) traditional tests for paving concrete, ( b) new tests and technologies that could be used to supplement or replace the traditional tests, and ( c) suggested future specifications. Data collected by the FHWA Mobile Concrete Laboratory from its technology implementation efforts are presented to support the narrative on the benefits of these new technologies.

scholarly journals Exploring of Classification Methods for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5206-5211
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Work Done

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease, a common health problem in elderly pesople which causes decline in memory and affected on nerve cells. AD has different stages like mild congestive impairment (MIC) (early stage), moderate (middle stage), severe (late stage) it is essential to detect AD early in MIC, so that pre-emptive measures can be taken. Significant research was carried out over the past century to diagnose and detect this disease early. The objective of the article is provide a review evaluation and critical analysis of the recent research work done to early diagnosis of AD using Machine Learning Strategies.

Radiological Follow-up of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-4
Author(s):  
Tariq A Gojwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Past Century ◽  
African Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Hiv Negative

Tuberculosis is a global health problem and is the second leading infectious cause of death, after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2014, there were an estimated 9.6 million incident cases of TB (range, 9.1 million–10.0 million) globally, equivalent to 133 cases per 100 000 population 1 . Most of the estimated number of cases in 2014 occurred in Asia (58%) and the African Region (28%). The six countries that stood out as having the largest number of incident cases in 2014 were India, Indonesia, China, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa. There were an estimated 1.5 million TB deaths in 2014 , 1.1 million among HIV-negative people and 390 000 among HIV- positive people 1 . These numbers show the importance of tuberculosis as a community health problem especially in our part of the world despite the leaps and bounds with which medicine has progressed our the past century. Furthermore, this issue itself has two articles related to tuberculosis by Koul et al and Rangrez et al highlighting the fact that there still is a lot that we have to learn about TB. JMS 2016; 19(1):2-4

The Conservative Research Department: the Care and Feeding of Future British Political Elites

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-113
Author(s):  
Arnold Beichman
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Department ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The Right

One of the distinctive characteristics of the Conservative Party's history has been its ability for a century or more to moult its plumage at the right political season without really altering its gestalt. This comment does not imply an act of deception by Conservative Party leaders. Rather it recognizes that Peel, Pitt, Disraeli and, in the twentieth century, Tory leaders like R. A. Butler, Harold Macmillan, Iain Macleod and before them, Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill, somehow understood the need for social change and the politics of compromise; so much so that they were quite prepared, in the words of New York's Mayor Jimmy Walker, “to rise above principle” where and when it appeared to be necessary. The Conservative Party has endured as a party because of its unusual adaptability compared to conservative parties in other Western societies. Indeed, it has more than merely ‘endured’: the Conservative Party in an apparently hostile atmosphere, has been able to take and hold power for huge blocks of time in the past century.This adaptation to reality in the interests of power was particularly apparent after the landslide Conservative defeat in July 1945. Some party leaders were determined to adapt to the new realities by attempting to recapture the support of as sizeable a segment of the British working class as the party had enjoyed at the turn of the century. Promulgation of the Industrial Charter through the efforts of a high-powered Tory Committee and the Conservative Research Department was a significant step in that direction.

scholarly journals Smarter–lighter–greener: research innovations for the automotive sector

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2179) ◽  
pp. 20140938 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Smart Materials ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Weighting ◽  
Human Desire

This paper reviews the changing nature of research underpinning the revolution in the automotive sector. Legislation controlling vehicle emissions has brought urgency to research, so we are now noticing a more rapid development of new technologies than at any time in the past century. The light-weighting of structures, the refinement of advanced propulsion systems, the advent of new smart materials, and greater in-vehicle intelligence and connectivity with transport infrastructure all require a fundamental rethink of established technologies used for many decades—defining a range of new multi-disciplinary research challenges. While meeting escalating emission penalties, cars must also fulfil the human desire for speed, reliability, beauty, refinement and elegance, qualities that mark out the truly great automobile.

scholarly journals A Novel Method to Identify Pneumonia through Analyzing Chest Radiographs Employing a Multichannel Convolutional Neural Network

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3482
Author(s):  
Abdullah-Al Nahid ◽  
Niloy Sikder ◽  
Anupam Kumar Bairagi ◽  
Md. Abdur Razzaque ◽  
Mehedi Masud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Pneumonia Diagnosis

Pneumonia is a virulent disease that causes the death of millions of people around the world. Every year it kills more children than malaria, AIDS, and measles combined and it accounts for approximately one in five child-deaths worldwide. The invention of antibiotics and vaccines in the past century has notably increased the survival rate of Pneumonia patients. Currently, the primary challenge is to detect the disease at an early stage and determine its type to initiate the appropriate treatment. Usually, a trained physician or a radiologist undertakes the task of diagnosing Pneumonia by examining the patient’s chest X-ray. However, the number of such trained individuals is nominal when compared to the 450 million people who get affected by Pneumonia every year. Fortunately, this challenge can be met by introducing modern computers and improved Machine Learning techniques in Pneumonia diagnosis. Researchers have been trying to develop a method to automatically detect Pneumonia using machines by analyzing and the symptoms of the disease and chest radiographic images of the patients for the past two decades. However, with the development of cogent Deep Learning algorithms, the formation of such an automatic system is very much within the realms of possibility. In this paper, a novel diagnostic method has been proposed while using Image Processing and Deep Learning techniques that are based on chest X-ray images to detect Pneumonia. The method has been tested on a widely used chest radiography dataset, and the obtained results indicate that the model is very much potent to be employed in an automatic Pneumonia diagnosis scheme.

scholarly journals Drowning Democracy

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Peter Schrag
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Initiative Process ◽  
Governmental System

In the past century, California has grown a convoluted governing nonsystem that combines the hyper-democracy of the initiative process with the increasingly constricted representative democracy of the formal elective governmental system, most of it imposed by direct democracy. Particularly in the past three decades, the initiative process, driven by a radically changed political culture and reinforced by a spectrum of new technologies, has come close to overwhelming representative democracy. By their very nature, initiatives either require or prohibit specified actions of the ordinary government. As legislatures, governors, county supervisors, city councils, and school boards—and sometimes the courts as well—become more constrained and unable to cope, public frustration increases, producing yet more demands for ballot solutions. As a consequence, the past thirty years have produced vicious cycles of initiatives in which one measure leads to another. The ultimate effect of that dynamic is not just to cloud government accountability but, in the end, the accountability of the voters themselves.

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