A Simplified Method of Synthesis and Purification of 4-Dimethylamino-N-Methyl -4-Stilbazolium Tosylate

2011 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 392-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei You ◽  
Jin Sun ◽  
Bing Teng ◽  
Lin Hua Xia ◽  
Xin Xing Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cooling Method ◽  
Xrd Study ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
The Cost

DAST (4-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate) crystal material was synthesized and purified by a relatively simple method. The synthesis process was easy to operate experimentally and the cost of raw materials can be cut down. The purification process was much easier than the previously published method. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) was used to analyze the functional group of raw material and no extra functional groups were found. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study was performed to identify the different modes presented in the compound. The results showed that the quality of the prepared crystal raw material could meet the requirements on crystal growth. DAST crystals were grown from the synthesized raw material by slowly cooling method. The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study and the results showed that the crystal grown from the synthesized raw material was the same as that grown from pure DAST crystal raw material.

scholarly journals Modelling of the process of vybromechanical activation of plant raw material hydrolysis for pectin extraction

10.5219/1305 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
Igor Palamarchuk ◽  
Mikhailo Mushtruk ◽  
Vladislav Sukhenko ◽  
Vladislav Dudchenko ◽  
Lidija Korets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Oscillatory System ◽  
Drive Shaft ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Power And Energy

Centrifugal and vibrational technological effects are among the main approaches to intensify the process of plant raw materials hydrolysis for pectin extraction. With the impulse intensification of such a process, it is possible not only to increase its efficiency, but also to achieve the compactness of the equipment, reduce the cost of electricity and improve the quality of the product of hydrolysis. The hypothesis is confirmed, according to which the vibro-centrifugal intensification of hydrolysis increases the driving force of the process by not only activating the material flows of raw materials and reagents, but also by reducing the resistance in the technological environment. Graphical and analytical dependencies of the power and energy parameters of the oscillatory system were obtained, which proved the overcoming of the flow resistance of the liquid medium in the entire speed range of the drive shaft with the potential to intensify the process at a power consumption of 2.0 – 3.0 kW and or by the force of 2.3 – 2.5 kN using the Lagrange and Cauchy methods for composing and solving the equations of motion of the moving components of the tested hydrolyser with vibrating activators, and the methods of mathematical analysis and their processing in the MathCAD. The analysis of the presented parameters of the studied process of mixing the pectin-containing mass in the hydrolyser allowed us to determine the rational mode parameters of processing, which correspond to the angular velocity of the drive shaft  rad/s at the power consumption of 500 – 600 watts.

scholarly journals Bio-waste to Bio-plastic (B2B): Production of Compostable Bio-Plastics from Food Waste

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Angeliki Maragkaki ◽  
Ioannis Sampathianakis ◽  
Katerina Katrini ◽  
Eleni Michalodimitraki ◽  
C. Gryparis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Recovered Material ◽  
The Cost

The degree of purity of materials recovered from municipal solid waste (MSW) depends mainly on the objective: the intended use of the recovered material and the cost to recover this material in its pure form, determined by the intensity of the effort and the technology involved. The Bio-waste to Bio-plastic (B2B) Project aims to develop an integrated separation process at the bio-waste source, focusing on Hospitality Units. The quality of the collected bio-waste will be upgraded by removing foreign bodies or even specific categories of food waste, or by adding bio-waste from other, more specialized, sources (e.g. bakery residues) to produce compostable bio-plastics through an optimal synthesis process. Compostable bio-plastics are high added value products, which justify an increase in the cost of the preceding processes. After examining the possibility of further source separation and its results, B2B will study the optimal collection and transport system which decisively affects many qualitative elements, testing and evaluating a relatively high-cost but highly effective solution, that of hand-sorting in order to optimize materials recovery. B2B will identify all the parameters of the production process of PLA monomers and (poly) lactic acid in relation to the quality characteristics of the raw material (bio-waste) collected from Hospitality Units. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of food waste (bio-waste) produced in Hospitality Units will then take place. All the above will be tested on a bench-scale unit that will allow their further study and their substantial improvement, as well as the extraction of realistic results. Finally, the effect of the end-product bio-plastic on the composting and anaerobic digestion of bio-waste will be examined. The expected results from the B2B implementation are an optimized source separation scheme for Hospitality Units, the identification of the appropriate method of upgrading the quality of residues collected for the purpose of bio-plastic production, and eventually an integrated process of converting bio-waste into a high added value product.

scholarly journals Improving the quality of silicon metal by the method of x-ray radiometric separation of raw material and finished products

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1137-1149
Author(s):  
Nikolay Zobnin ◽  
◽  
Sergey Korobko ◽  
Dmitry Vetkovsky ◽  
Andrey Moiseev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fe2o3 Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Iron ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

In this research, we investigate the process of X-ray radiometric separation of both raw materials (quartz, carbonaceous reducing agent) used for silicon smelting in ore-smelting furnaces and the resulting smelting products. The research objects were quartz from the Aktas field (Kazakhstan), coal from the Shubarkol field and silicon metal of various grades smelted at the Tau-Ken Temir LLP (Karaganda, Kazakhstan). X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a Philips powder diffractometer. To determine the SiO2 and Fe2O3 content, an ARL PERFORM’X X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used. To remove impurities, a СРF1-150М single-strand radiometric separator was used. We found that the radiometric separation of original quartz samples with the Fe2O3 content of ~ 0.1-0.15% produces pure quartz with the Fe2O3 content of ≤ 0.05% and a yield of 65-70%. Provided that the Fe2O3 content in the original quartz sample does not exceed 0.5%, concentrates with the Fe2O3 content of 0.05% and a yield of 35-55% can be obtained. The yield of pure quartz with the Fe2O3 content of 0.01% does not exceed 15-20%. The use of radiometric separation is established to reduce the amount of phosphorus in the final product by 2-3 times. This method is effective for obtaining coal concentrates of varying ash content (2.0, 4.1 and 7.3%); the resulting concentrated product obtained with a yield of 25% contains 1.5% of ash. Separation of silicon metal (with the initial iron content of 1.2-1.5%) yields a product matching silicon grade 773 (product yield ~ 50%), 553 (~ 35%) or 441 (20%). It is concluded that radiometric separation allows the content of impurities in quartz, silicon metal and coal ash to be reduced, thus facilitating the production of higher-grade silicon.

scholarly journals Pendampingan Peningkatan Efisiensi Biaya Produksi UMKM Heriyanto Melalui Analisis Biaya Kualitas

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yulia Maulidyanti Rosdiana ◽  
Iriyadi Iriyadi ◽  
Diah Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Quality Cost ◽  
Quality Costs ◽  
The Cost

In each production process, it is possible there will be a discrepancy between the product that has been produced and with the standard, which referred to a defective product or a damaged product. The defective product or damaged product will affect the increase in production costs because the defective product has absorbed production costs from the beginning and it can cause losses to the company. Thus the company must make quality improvements to make the quality of the products produced more consistent and so that there are no more defective products. Improvement of this quality is needed by the existence of expenditure which is called quality cost. Quality costs are part of the production costs. With the existence of defective products or damaged products, it will cause production costs to increase because the company must pay for the process of reworking or reproducing. Therefore, by improving quality through quality costs, it is expected that production costs will be reduced. Production processes that pay attention to quality will reduce the possibility of product defects. Thus the company's production costs will be more efficient but still pay attention to the quality of the products produced. The purpose of this report is to find out how to supervise quality costs of UMKM in improving production cost efficiency. The author conducts community service at the UMKM Heriyanto which is a UMKM engaged in the shoe industry, especially adult women's shoes located on Jl. E. Sumawijaya, Sindang Barang Village, Gang Jambekiuna, Pasir Eurih Village, Taman Sari District, Bogor Regency.The results of the study show that the quality cost component found in the UMKM Heriyanto consists of prevention costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. In UMKM Heriyanto there is no apprasial cost because there is no quality control or checking activity for the product. In addition, the calculation of production costs in UMKM Heriyanto is quiet basic and simple because it does not separate the cost of direct raw materials from indirect raw materials, direct labor with indirect labor, and there are some overhead costs that are not taken into account. Internal failure costs consisting of excess raw materials have a significant influence on the cost of producing shoes for UMKM Heriyanto for all types of shoes. Thus the excess of this raw material must be reduced because it can affect the amount of raw material costs directly on production costs. If UMKM Heriyanto can implement the calculation of this quality cost, then in the next production it can reduce the cost of excess raw materials and UMKM Heriyanto can make production cost efficiency of 15%.                                               Keywords: qualitycosts, production cost, cost effieciency

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION OF RAW MATERIALS ON QUALITY OF SAUSAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
E. I. Mashkina ◽  
E. S. Shaganova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hard Cheese

Sausages – one of the types of meat sausages popular with buyers. One of the main indicators of the effectiveness of the meat industry is the expansion of product names, as well as the reduction in the cost of sausages to make them as accessible as possible for all segments of the population. Cost reduction can be achieved through the use of non-meat food additives. The object of the study was sausages «Amateur» and «Lunch». The composition of sausages «Dinner» included hard cheese. The main raw material for sausages is fat veined pork. The composition of the studied sausages has some differences both in basic raw materials and in spices. Lunch sausages had a higher nutritional value due to the use of hard cheese. Lunch sausages were also highly appreciated during the tasting. Sausages of both varieties met the requirements of GOST 52196–2011 standard cooked sausages.

scholarly journals Towards quality charcoal briquettes

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-231
Author(s):  
Н.А. Павлов ◽  
А.А. Спицын ◽  
М.И. Минич ◽  
А.В. Бахтиярова
Keyword(s):  
Working Condition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Hookah Smoking ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Volatile Carbon

Исследовались характеристики и свойства древесно-угольных брикетов, используемых для кальянокурения, влияющие на их эксплуатационные возможности. Проведён сравнительный анализ древесно-угольных брикетов из кокосового, берёзового и соснового сырья. Кокосовый уголь является дорогостоящим сырьём. Предложено заменить кокосовый уголь на берёзовый, что экономически целесообразно. Для получения образцов угля проведён пиролиз кокоса, берёзы и сосны. Полученные образцы в дальнейшем исследовались методами ТГА и ДТГ. Определялись влажность, зольность, содержание нелетучего углерода. Проведено исследование, моделирующее рабочее состояние брикета, что позволило определить важнейшие характеристики древесно-угольного брикета используемого для кальянокурения. Выявлено, что основными эксплуатационными характеристиками являются: запах и прочность брикета в рабочем состоянии, характер разрушения при интенсивном воздействии воздухом. Определено влияние на качество брикетов следующих факторов: сырьё для угля, фракционный состав угля, тип связующего, количество связующего, давление прессования. Полученные брикеты из берёзового угля не уступают кокосовым брикетам по ряду характеристик, что позволяет снизить затраты на изготовление древесно-угольных брикетов при использовании берёзового сырья вместо кокосового. Выявлена перспектива использования берёзового угля в качестве замены кокосовому, а также предложена формула получения конечного продукта. The work investigated the characteristics and properties that affect the operational capabilities of charcoal briquettes used for hookah smoking. A comparative analysis of charcoal briquettes from coconut, birch and pine raw materials. The main raw material for the production of hookah briquettes is coconut coal, which is an expensive raw material. The paper proposes to replace coconut coal with birch, which is economically feasible. To obtain coal samples, pyrolysis of coconut, birch and pine was carried out. The obtained samples were further investigated by the TGA and DTG methods, moisture, ash, and non-volatile carbon content were determined. A study simulating the working condition of the briquette was carried out, which made it possible to determine the most important characteristics of the charcoal briquette used for hookah smoking. It is revealed that the main operational characteristics are: the smell and durability of the briquette in working condition, the nature of the destruction under intense exposure to air. The influence of the following factors on the quality of briquettes was determined: raw materials for coal, fractional composition of coal, type of binder, amount of binder, pressing pressure. The obtained birch charcoal briquettes are not inferior to coconut briquettes in a number of characteristics, which allows to reduce the cost of producing charcoal briquettes when using birch raw materials instead of coconut. The prospect of using birch coal as a substitute for coconut coal is revealed, and a formula for obtaining the final product is also proposed.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Gel Forming Ability

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

2016 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽  
Wilson Acchar ◽  
Vamberto Monteiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

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