Extraction of Condensed Tannins from Tropical Plants as Affected by Leaves Maturity, Maceration Time, and Centrifugal Force

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Awistaros Angger Sakti ◽  
Kustantinah ◽  
Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo ◽  
Lovy Perdani ◽  
Melisa Ekaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Leaf Maturity ◽  
Immature Leaf

Condensed Tannin (CT) are secondary metabolites of the plant that synthesized along the phenylpropanoid pathway. It is known to suppress CH4emission in the rumen through protozoal defaunation as well as direct effects on methanogen bacteria. Recent studies have been reported to have anthelmintics activity to overcome gastrointestinal nematodes, appertain to theHaemonchus contortus. To obtain merits of CT, it can be applied in flour or infusion form. Infusion considered as a convenient alternative of CT application. Evaluation method to produce optimum levels of CT needs to be done for the merits of CT obtained optimally. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of leaf maturity, maceration time, and centrifuge force on CT levels produced in infusion leaf as a feed additive. Mature and immature leaves selected from Morindacitrifolia(CF), Muntingiacalabura(CA), Azadirachta indica(AZ), Hibiscus rosa sinensis (RS) and Hibiscus tiliaceus (HT).The results of this research showed that leaf age had a significant effect on CT, except on AZ and RS. Normally, CT content of immature leaf is higher than the mature leaf. CA has highest levels of CT, can be predicted because of lots of glandular trichomes in their mature leaves as a place to store secondary metabolite compounds. Optimum levels of CT from maceration occurring at 2h of immersion except on HTthat requiring 4h of immersion. Meanwhile, 372 g is the most effective centrifuge force in producing optimum CT, except in CA which requires 2.318 g. Based on this study, it can be concluded that leaf age, maceration time, and centrifuge force have a significant influence in producing an infusion with maximum CTat each stage of extraction. It is important for infusion production to contain CT in optimal amounts. This research is expected to be the first step in providing multifunctional feed additive for livestock.

scholarly journals Effects of condensed tannins towards dairy caprine gastrointestinal nematodes

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Suarez VH ◽  
Olmos LH ◽  
Martinez GM ◽  
Sandoval GV ◽  
Alfaro EJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Made In

In order to evaluate condensed tannins (CT) effect on dairy goat gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) under a grazing and confined systems, two experiments (E1 and E2) were made. On both, goats were kept in two groups of 10 animals each. Groups were: control, without treatment (CG) and CT supplemented (CTG) daily with 25 g (1,25%) in E1 and 75 g (2%) in E2. During the E1, feeding was based on Lucerne (Medicago sativa) grazing and supplementation with 500 g of corn grain and during the E2, stabled milking goats ate 500 g of corn grain and ad libitum lucerne hay. Biweekly, faecal egg counts (FEC) and coprocultures were made. In addition, FAMACHA© technique, body condition score (BCSS) and ingested food were recorded each two weeks during the 90 days (E1) and 76 (E2) days of trial. The FEC values in most of the study were low and no significant differences (p<0.78) were detected between groups. Mean FEC were 534 (CTG) and 357 (CG) during E1 and 509 (CTG) and 484 (CG) during E2. The predominant NGI genera were Trichostrongylussp. (48.1%), Haemonchus sp. (39.9%) and Teladorsagia sp. (12.0%). FAMACHA© scores did not show significant (p<0.41) differences between groups, but the CG (median=3) showed a BCS significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of CTG (median=2.5). The average milk production did not present statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.57), between sampling dates (p<0.23) and group x sampling dates (p<0.65). Under the conditions of these studies 25g or 75 g of CT in the diet had no anthelmintic or productive effects. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematode; Dairy goat; Condensed tannin; Production

Biosynthesis of Diverse Class Flavonoids via Shikimate and Phenylpropanoid Pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Rehan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Phosphoenol Pyruvate

Flavonoids are natural products, which are useful in the protection of various types of human diseases. Several bioactive flavonoids as chalcones, flavonols, flavanol, flavones, flavanone, flavan, isoflavonoids, and proanthocyanidin, are found in parts as leaves, root, bark, stem, flowers, weed, fruits of plant species. Flavonoids are synthesized in higher plant species via the shikimate pathway, phenylpropanoid and polyketide pathway. The chalcones and flavanones are central intermediates of the pathway, which give several diverse classes of flavonoids. Central intermediates pathway (chalcones and flavanones pathway) depends on plants species and group of enzymes such as hydroxylases, reductases and isomerases to give different classes of flavonoids skeleton. The anthocyanins, isoflavonoids and condensed tannin (proanthocyanidins) are an important class of flavonoids, which synthesized by flavanones. Mostly, biosynthesis of flavonoids start from phenylpropanoid pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway starts from phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate.

scholarly journals Potential and restrictions of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz as native forage in the Brazilian semi-arid region

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e47460
Author(s):  
Andrezza Araújo de França ◽  
Divan Soares da Silva ◽  
Josean Tavares Fechine ◽  
Francinilda Alves de Sousa ◽  
Alberício Pereira de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Leaf Maturity ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a endemic plant of the Caatinga, selected by animals grazing on native pasture. With the aim of evaluating characteristics indicative of its nutritional quality, 10 plants were selected and identified, sampled at five different ages, were used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), mineral matter (MM), DM degradability (Deg DM), NDF degradability (Deg NDF) and in situ and in vitro leaf-tissue degradability. Phytochemical prospection was performed, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance applied to detect the presence of secondary compounds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5%, and correlation analysis was carried out on the variables for leaf maturity in days. The levels of CP, NDF and Deg NDF showed a negative correlation with the increases in leaf age. Leaf-tissue degradation was restricted due to a physical barrier developed in the leaf fragments, which can be attributed to plant defence mechanisms. The in situ degradability of the cell wall components decreased with the increase in leaf age. The high levels of tannins and lignin, and the strong presence of flavonoids, should be considered for their anti-nutritional and pharmacological potential.

Influence of supplementation of tropical plant feed additives on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Chatterjee ◽  
D. N. Kamra ◽  
N. Agarwal ◽  
A. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Tropical Plants

Tropical plants rich in secondary metabolites have the potential to modulate rumen fermentation for more efficient food production with reduced environmental impact. In the present study after extensive screening, three tropical tree leaves (Bahunia variegata, Psidium guajava and Cannabis indica) and three herbs (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Trachyspermum ammi and Cinnamomum tamala) were selected to evaluate their effect on buffalo rumen fermentation. Total gas production, substrate degradability, volatile fatty acid pattern and enzyme activities were not affected by any of the plants tested in this study. However, methane production was lowered (P ≤ 0.05) due to inclusion of P. guajava leaves. Anti-methanogenic/anti-protozoal metabolites present in tropical plants seem to be better extracted by ethanol solvent and accordingly the best performing plant i.e. different levels of P. guajava extract was used for further evaluation. Both the methane inhibition and defaunating action of ethanol extract of P. guajava were found to be dose dependent. In conclusion, leaves of P. guajava appear to be a promising plant feed additive for decreasing methane production without affecting feed degradability in the rumen.

scholarly journals PSIX-29 Effect of quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in situ digestion

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 399-400
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Madeline Rivera ◽  
Genevieve D’ Souza ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Quebracho Tannin ◽  
Schinopsis Balansae

Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of quebracho tannin extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet upon dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (DMD and NDFD, respectively). The use of natural plant secondary compounds as a feed additive in animal nutrition has been studied due to their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions in both ruminants and non-ruminants. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation has demonstrated potential to mitigate CH4 emissions, but this commonly corresponds with reduced ruminal fiber degradation. However, prolonged supplementation of CT in a roughage-based diet is limited within the literature. Twenty rumen cannulated animals (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A maintenance-fed diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was offered at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. Steers were adapted to the base diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35 d. In situ digestibility data were collected weekly over 5 wk. Digestibility estimates were determined using 48-h in situ disappearance of DM and NDF. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. There was no difference in DM or NDF intake for dietary treatment (P = 0.66, and P = 0.65, respectively). However, on week 2 QT2 had lower DMD (P = 0.03) and tended to decrease NDFD (P = 0.06) compared to QT1, and QT3. In contrast, there was no observed difference (P = 0.22) in DMD, and NDFD on week 1, 3, 4, 5, and when the 5-wk data were combined. The addition of QT up to 3% DM in a roughage-based diet does not sacrifice DMD and NDFD over time, but it is not clear as to why QT2 affected DMD and NDFD.

scholarly journals Study of gastrointestinal nematodes resistance to some anthelemitics and evaluation the efficacy of condensed tannin extraction on resistant genera in sheep in Babil

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
H. M. Al-Ramahi
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Vitro Effect

The study was carried out in Babel province, where three sheep farms evaluated for albendazole, levamisol and ivermectin resistance in nematodes by in vivo and in vitro techniques as well as to demonstrate the efficacy of commercial tannin-rich solution on the resistant genera.According to low confidence interval limit of 95% fecal egg count reduction FECR ,In farm I, the animal which treated with levamisol and ivermectin considered as suspected resistant, while the animals which treated with albendazole showed resistance to it. In farm II ,the animal which treated with levamisol and albendazole were considered as suspected resistant ,while no FECR% <95 % was recorded in animals which treated with ivermectin ,and in the same manner ,the animals of farm III which treated with levamisol and albendazole showed suspected resistance and resistance respectively, and no resistance to ivermectin was recorded in animals which treated with it. Also, the results revealed that the combination between in vitro (EHA) and in vivo (FECRT) necessary to confirm the assessment of resistance against benzimedazoles. The most common genus identified from pre treatment feces were Haemonchus ,Trichostrongylus and Cooperia ,while Haemonchus was the only identified genus which demonstrated from post treatment fecal culture.The compared of in vitro effect of condensed tannin CT and thiabendazol revealed that both thiabendazole and CT induced significant egg hatching inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The thiabendazole required a maximum of 0.5mg/ml, whereas, the CT required a maximum concentration of 2 mg/ml, to induce 100% egg hatch inhibition. The adult worm motility assay showed that the thiabendazole kill all worms at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml, while CT was showed insignificant killing even in maximum concentration.

scholarly journals Clinical parameters of goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and treated with condensed tannin

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-530
Author(s):  
Danilo Rodrigues Barros Brito ◽  
◽  
Livio Martins Costa Júnior ◽  
João Luis Garcia ◽  
Daniel Praseres Chaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Clinical Parameters

An investigation into the ultrastructure and histochemistry of glandular trichomes of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] leaves

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 842-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Paul ◽  
C. G. McWhorter ◽  
J.C. Ouzts
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Secretory Apparatus

Secretory trichomes have been described on johnsongrass leaves previously, but there is little knowledge of their ultrastructure or the nature of their secretion. Since johnsongrass is a pernicious weed, there is much interest in the nature of compounds found on its foliar surface, and the possible effect of these extrusions on herbicide efficiency. This report describes the results of an investigation into the ultrastructure of the secretory apparatus, and into the nature of the secretion.

Evaluation method for imaging plate resolution by means of phase contrast transfer function

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 662-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Oikawa ◽  
H. Kosugi ◽  
F. Hosokawa ◽  
D. Shindo ◽  
M. Kersker
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Amorphous Film ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Special Shape ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Contrast Image ◽  
Specimen Shape

Evaluation of the resolution of the Imaging Plate (IP) has been attempted by some methods. An evaluation method for IP resolution, which is not influenced by hard X-rays at higher accelerating voltages, was proposed previously by the present authors. This method, however, requires truoblesome experimental preperations partly because specially synthesized hematite was used as a specimen, and partly because a special shape of the specimen was used as a standard image. In this paper, a convenient evaluation method which is not infuenced by the specimen shape and image direction, is newly proposed. In this method, phase contrast images of thin amorphous film are used.Several diffraction rings are obtained by the Fourier transformation of a phase contrast image of thin amorphous film, taken at a large under focus. The rings show the spatial-frequency spectrum corresponding to the phase contrast transfer function (PCTF). The envelope function is obtained by connecting the peak intensities of the rings. The evelope function is offten used for evaluation of the instrument, because the function shows the performance of the electron microscope (EM).

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