Chemical Composition of Alloys as Primary Material Property Influencing the Accuracy of Measurements Obtained in Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (WDX) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

2021 ◽  
Vol 326 ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Dawid Szyba
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Material Tests

The properties of the material affect the quality of the manufactured product. Before transferring the finished product to the production phase and sending it to the customer, material tests should be carried out. Examined material properties such as chemical composition, phase composition, grain boundaries influence results obtained after measurements of the chemical composition. The spectrometers used in SEM or as separate XRFs can be compared due to the principle of operation. The main difference in EDS/WDX or XRF is the types of a beam that excite the characteristic X-rays radiation peaks. Unfortunately, both types of spectroscopy have limitations due to materials properties such as the application light chemical elements in alloys an example of B. As well as small quantities of chemical elements in used alloys that affect the obtained results.

scholarly journals Исследование этапов превращения кремния в карбид кремния в процессе атомного замещения методами полного внешнего отражения рентгеновских лучей и рентгеновской дифрактомерии

2022 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
С.А. Кукушкин ◽  
А.В. Осипов ◽  
Е.В. Осипова ◽  
В.М. Стожаров
Keyword(s):  
Structural Quality ◽  
Total External Reflection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reflection Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Substitution Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sic Films

X-ray diffraction and total external reflection of X-rays (X-ray reflectometry) methods were used to study the successive stages of synthesis of epitaxial SiC films on Si (100) X-ray diffraction and total external X-ray reflection (XRD) methods were used to study successive stages of synthesis of epitaxial SiC films on Si (100) surfaces, (110) and (111) surfaces by the atom substitution method. The data on the transformation evolution of (100) surfaces were studied, (110) and (111) Si, into SiC surfaces. A comparative analysis of the X-ray structural quality of the SiC layers grown on Si by the atom substitution method with the quality of SiC layers grown by Advanced Epi by the standard CVD method. A modified technique for the total outer X-ray reflection method, based on measurements of the intensity of the reflected X-rays using a special parabolic mirror. It is shown that the method of total external reflection method makes it possible to obtain important information about the degree of surface roughness of SiC layers, the evolution of their crystal structure and plasmon energy in the process of Si to SiC conversion.

scholarly journals Assessment of aerobic bacteria killing activity of low energry X-rays in potatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Nguyễn An Sơn ◽  
Hai Van Cao ◽  
Trieu Ngoc Le ◽  
Giang Van Nguyen ◽  
Ha Thi Nguyet Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Food Irradiation ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bacteria Killing ◽  
Cover Up

Potato is one of popular agricultural products grown and used in the world with high effective economic and nutritional value. In potatoes, there are always have some harmful bacteria species due to the sources of exposure from the seed, soil as well as the post-harvest environment which make deceasing the quality and quantity of potatoes. Usually, irradiation with gamma isotope sources is used in food irradiation, however, the disadvantage of the gamma source is the safe shielding reason even without the use of irradiation. Nowadays, X-ray irradiation in food is one of the methods interest to storage in long time. The first advantage of X-ray irradiation is that most of aerobic bacteria in food is killed, but does it not change the quality of the potato. Moreever, the advantage of an X-ray generator is that it does not have to cover up radiation when not in use. In this study, we have used low energy X-rays emitted from X-ray generator MBR-1618R-BE (Hitachi -Japan) to study the ability to kill aerobic bacteria in potatoes grown in Da Lat. After preparation, potato samples were irradiated at doses ranging from 50 Gy to 5000 Gy. The irradiated samples were homogenized and inoculated on Nutrient Agar and incubated at 370C in an incubator to check the changes of aerobic bacteria. The research showed that the number of aerobic bacteria decreased dramatically to a dose of 1000 Gy (the aerobic bacteria was only less than 0,6%), despite a sharp increase in the dose of irradiation, this number decreased a little. The results also showed that D10 dose was 471,34 Gy.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DENTINE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INTACT TEETH AND TEETH WITH WEDGE-SHAPED DEFECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1869-1875
Author(s):  
Svitlana P. Yarova ◽  
Iryna I. Zabolotna ◽  
Olena S. Genzytska ◽  
Andrii A. Komlev
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Cervical Area ◽  
Focused Beam

The aim: Is to define dentine chemical composition of intact teeth and those with wedge-shaped defects followed by the analysis of revealed differences. Materials and methods: Longitudinal sections of 22 clinically removed teeth (12 – clinically intact ones, 10 – with wedge-shaped defects) from both jaws were studied in patients aged between 25-54 years. JSM-6490 LV focused beam electron microscope (scanning) with system of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis INCA Penta FETх3 was used. The chemical composition of 148 dentine areas in the incisal region (tubercle), equator, cervical area has been determined as a percentage of the weight amounts of carbon, oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, zinc, potassium, aluminum. Results: Dentine chemical composition of teeth with wedge-shaped defects differed from those of intact teeth by significantly lower content: sodium, chlorine and calcium – in the incisal region (tubercle); sodium, magnesium − at the equator; sodium, chlorine and calcium – in the cervical region (p≤0.05). In the sample groups with cervical pathology there was more sulfur and oxygen in the incisal region (tubercle), phosphorus and zinc – at the equator, carbon and potassium – in the cervical region (p≤0.05). Conclusions: Differences in the chemical composition of intact teeth and teeth with wedge-shaped defects, the presence of correlation between the studied chemical elements confirm the role of macro- and microelements in the pathogenesis of non-carious cervical lesions.

scholarly journals Determination of Chromite Sands Suitability for Use in Moulding Sands

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
K. Stec ◽  
J. Podwórny ◽  
B. Psiuk ◽  
Ł. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Spectroscopy Technique ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Using the available analytical methods, including the determination of chemical composition using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy technique and phase composition determined using X-ray diffraction, microstructural observations in a highresolution scanning microscope equipped with an X-ray microanalysis system as well as determination of characteristic softening and sintering temperatures using high-temperature microscope, the properties of particular chromite sands were defined. For the study has been typed reference sand with chemical properties, physical and thermal, treated as standard, and the sands of the regeneration process and the grinding process. Using these kinds of sand in foundries resulted in the occurrence of the phenomenon of the molding mass sintering. Impurities were identified and causes of sintering of a moulding sand based on chromite sand were characterized. Next, research methods enabling a quick evaluation of chromite sand suitability for use in the preparation of moulding sands were selected.

Measurement of Mass Absorption Coefficients Using Compton-Scattered Cu Radiation in X-ray Diffraction Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve J. Chipera ◽  
David L. Bish
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Mass Absorption Coefficient ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Solid State Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mass Absorption

AbstractThe mass absorption coefficient is a useful parameter for quantitative characterization of materials. If the chemical composition of a sample is known, the mass absorption coefficient can be calculated directly. However, the mass absorption coefficient must be determined empirically if the chemical composition is unknown. Traditional methods for determining the mass absorption coefficient involve measuring the transmission of monochromatic X-rays through a sample of known thickness and density. Reynolds (1963,1967), however, proposed a method for determining the mass absorption coefficient by measuring the Compton or inelastic X-ray scattering from a sample using Mo radiation on an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). With the recent advances in solid-state detectors/electronics for use with conventional powder diffractometers, it is now possible to readily determine mass absorption coefficients during routine X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses.Using Cu Kα radiation and Reynolds’ method on a Siemens D-500 diffractometer fitted with a Kevex Si(Li) solid-state detector, we have measured the mass absorption coefficients of a suite of minerals and pure chemical compounds ranging in μ/ρ from graphite to Fe-metal (μ/ρ = 4.6-308 using Cu Kα radiation) to ±4.0% (lσ). The relationship between the known mass absorption coefficient and the inverse count rate is linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. Using mass absorption coefficients, phase abundances can be determined during quantitative XRD analysis without requiring the use of an internal standard, even when an amorphous component is present.

Influence of Gypsum Additive on the Formation of Tobermorite in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 714 ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Helanova ◽  
Rostislav Drochytka ◽  
Vit Cerný
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Hydrothermal Reaction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ◽  
Variable Chemical ◽  
Aerated Concrete

The quality of the aerated concrete strongly depends on the chemical composition of the raw materials, as well as the process of the hydrothermal reaction during autoclaving. Due to the variable chemical composition of fly ashes, it is necessary to identify the effect of each ion on the formation of the microstructure of aerated concrete. This paper examines the process of formation of tobermorite with the addition of sulphates in various percentage representation. The microstructure of aerated concrete is assessed using SEM images and the mineralogical by means of X-ray analysis.

Microanalytical studies (X-ray photoelectron spectrometry) of surface hydration reactions of cement compounds

1983 ◽  
Vol 310 (1511) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Hydration Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tentative Interpretation ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Cement Compounds

X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (X.p.s.) measures the kinetic energy of electrons photoejected from a solid surface by soft X-rays. The kinetic energy of the photoelectrons can be related to the binding energy that these electrons had originally in the solid. X.p.s. is a rather new technique for studying cements. It has been used recently in the surface analysis of C 3 S, C 2 S, C 3 A and blast-furnace slag grains during their hydration. Changes in chemical composition have been found as soon as the surface comes into contact with water, shown by a change in the shape, position an intensity of characteristic peaks like Ca 2p , Si 2p , O l8 and a reduction of characteristic ratios Ca/Si or Al/Si. A tentative interpretation of X.p.s. kinetic curves as a function of hydration time is presented.

Tribological Properties and Microstructure of Gradient Nanocomposite Coatings on the Basis of Ti-Al-Cr-B-N

2015 ◽  
Vol 1085 ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Sergeev ◽  
Victor P. Sergeev ◽  
Marina V. Fedorischeva ◽  
Andrey V. Voronov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Nanocomposite Coatings ◽  
Tialn Coating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Secondary Ions ◽  
Distribution Of Elements

The X-ray and mass spectroscopy of secondary ions, the phase composition, the distribution of elements in the depth of coating on the basis Ti-Al-N treated by the (Cr+B) ion beam was studied. It was established that the ion implantation of B and Cr in TiAlN coating leads to changes in the chemical composition of the surface layer and the redistribution of the elements in the surface layer. This fact leads to change of tribological properties and microhardness.

scholarly journals QUALITY CONTROL X RAYS MAMMOGRAPHY IN THE EFFORT MITIGATION INCREASING NUMBER OF CANCER PATIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Rini Safitri ◽  
Evi Yufita
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Test Subject ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Image ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Output

Abstract. Early detection of breast cancer is the first step in prevention that can be done by women, therefore when one is diagnosed with breast cancer, the appropriate treatment can be performed quickly and accurately. Early diagnosis of breast cancer can be a way of mitigation in preventing breast cancer through the use of mammography. Bureau of Radiology as said by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JHCA) stated that one of the responsibilities of the radiology unit is to control the quality of service which aims to minimize the radiographic image repetition factor; as well as maximizes the quality of radiographic image. Quality control tests are an effort that is needed on the mammography X-ray diagnostics tools. This is done to maintain the quality of expected output. The parameters that are included within the radiation output are the magnitude of current and the voltage of tube that are produced; therefore they remained constant and correspond to the recommended standard. Bureau of Radiological Health, as said by JHCA mentioned that to control the quality of image which will minimize the radiographic image repetition and maximizes the quality of radiographic image. Therefore the radiation output will not be dangerous later. The early stage of the quality control test on the machine was conducted by setting all the filtrations which were placed to capture the x-ray on the x-ray plane tube with minimum value. Then, ionization chamber is placed on the test subject points; right after that the distance between it to the radiation source is noted. The x-ray film is place on a film on the compression table of the patient and the distance between film and the focus point is noted. This is then exposed using a target filter Mo/Mo by setting the current as well as variation the voltage and time. The standard voltage measurements are 20-33kVp. This data is from the observations of time exposure; the output value is then noted. The above procedure is conducted from the minimum voltage to the maximum voltage. The output ray is measured for each voltage. The same procedure is conducted to the target filter Mo/RH. The results obtained are that the greater the input voltage and current will subsequently produce greater doses, therefore the exposure has exceeded the standard limit 0.1 mHy with longer exposure time. The HVL density thickness on the mammography X-ray machine determined the quality of the beam and the doses of x-ray exposure on the mammography machine. The output stability of x-ray beam exposure in the mammography machine mode Mo/Mo still fulfill the standard which is the value of 69% Keywords: Quality Control, Sinar-X, mammography, Mp/Mo, Mo/RH

scholarly journals 1700 Using Intra-Operative Imaging as A Tool to Provide Peer Review, Scoring, Feedback and Education for Hand and Wrist Trauma Cases - A Quality Improvement Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Smith ◽  
A Thompson ◽  
P Stanier ◽  
J Rooker ◽  
I Lowdon
Keyword(s):  
Final Report ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Constructive Feedback ◽  
Wrist Trauma ◽  
Specific Feedback ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract Aim To improve the efficiency of intraoperative hand trauma x-ray review, introduce a scoring system for quality of fixation achieved and use this as an education and feedback tool for trainees. Method A large QI project in 2019 demonstrated that intra-operative images taken using the mini C-arm were not being reviewed. In March 2020 the first QI cycle introduced an Access database to ensure that as cases were removed from the trauma board, they were added to a review list. Each x-ray was also scored in the trauma meeting (good, acceptable, poor) to assess the radiographic quality of fixation. The second QI cycle identified the named surgeon for each case, allowing surgeon specific feedback. Finally, we trained all qualified users of the mini C-arm to upload their own images after each case, reducing the mean time to upload. Results This QI project has improved the review rate of mini C-arm images from 30% to 100% and every x-ray is scored. The mean time to review images has reduced from 4 days to less than 24 hours. All trainees can access their scores for imaged hand and wrist trauma and receive written constructive feedback. Conclusions This project ensures appropriate and prompt review of all hand and wrist trauma cases allowing early identification of any concerns. All x-rays are scored, and this process acts as an educational prompt in the trauma meeting. A final report can be printed for each trainee which can be uploaded to their portfolio to document their surgical progress.

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