Working Tools Study for JiaoLong Manned Submersible

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Xianpeng Shi ◽  
Yugang Ren ◽  
Jialing Tang ◽  
Wentao Fu ◽  
Baohua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Manned Submersible ◽  
Observation Function ◽  
Scientific Questions

AbstractThe remarkable progress in deep submergence science with manned submersibles in the past 50 years has made it possible for us to directly explore the inaccessible underwater extreme environment. Basic research carried out at depths over 1,000 m in the deep ocean has provided dramatic and unique insights into some of the most compelling scientific questions ever posed. Deep research manned submersibles have been widely recognized as indispensable platforms for conducting deep-sea research. Whereas all deep-sea submersibles share the unique feature of direct observation function by scientists and pilots from the cabin, all manned submersibles are equipped with different tools to implement a wide range of jobs in different exploration purposes. These can directly affect productivity and each dive's outcomes, such that it would be meaningful to study the samplers, sensors, and other devices that have been installed on the different deep-sea research manned submersibles around the world. This article will also introduce the research and development status of the JiaoLong manned submersible's operational tools, which have been researched and tested during the sea trials and test operational phase over the past 9 years. Based on developed technologies, state-of-the-art tools are essential to achieve a high-efficiency use for each dive. The article brings forward discussion and suggestions for the development of JiaoLong's operational tools, followed by a conclusion from the perspective of JiaoLong's operation team.

Solution of Energy Supply for Deep Ocean Installations: Design and Testing of a Micro-Fluid Turbine

2014 ◽  
Vol 472 ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Ying Yuan Tian ◽  
Yun Hai Zhang ◽  
Xu Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Design And Testing ◽  
Current Energy ◽  
Ocean Current Energy

A micro-fluid turbine has been successfully tested in the laboratory and towing tank. This 2m diametral device is designed to operate in flows with velocity from 0.1m/s to 1m/s. The designed output power varies from 0.3W to 200W. In this design, the low density ocean current energy in deep-sea stored as mechanical energy in plane roll-up spring first. When the spring has enough potential energy, it drives the generator to generate electricity. Through this assistant start approach, the turbine can work in ultra-low-speed current. On the other hand, the non-contact transmission remarkably reduced the drag torque of hubcap. Besides these approaches, some other advanced technologies, such as self-adaptive platform, high efficiency energy storage, and intelligent control, are applied in this turbine. Test results show that the micro-fluid turbine has potential to provide power for instruments and equipment in deep-sea environment.

scholarly journals Novel Chloroflexi Genomes From The Deepest Ocean Reveal Metabolic Strategies For The Adaptation To Deep-Sea Habitats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rulong Liu ◽  
Xing Wei ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Junwei Cao ◽  
Weizhi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Metabolic Reconstruction ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolic Strategies

Abstract Background: The deep-sea harbors the majority of the microbial biomass in the Ocean, and it is a key site for organic matter (OM) remineralization and storage in the biosphere. Microbial metabolism in the deep ocean is greatly controlled by the generally depleted but periodically fluctuating supply of OM. Currently, little is known about metabolic potentials of dominant deep-sea microbes to cope with the variable OM inputs, especially for those living in the hadal trenches - the deepest part of the ocean. Results: In this study, we report the first extensive examination of the metabolic potentials of hadal sediment Chloroflexi, a dominant phylum in hadal trenches and the global deep ocean. Sixty-two metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed from nine metagenomic datasets derived from sediments of the Mariana Trench. These MAGs represent six novel species, four novel genera, one novel family and one novel order within the classes Anaerolineae and Dehalococcoidia. Fragment recruitment showed that these MAGs are globally distributed in deep-sea waters and surface sediments, and transcriptomic analysis indicated their in-situ activities. Metabolic reconstruction showed that hadal Chloroflexi mainly had a heterotrophic lifestyle, with the potential to degrade a wide range of organic carbon, sulfur, and halogenated compounds. Our results revealed for the first time that hadal Chloroflexi harbor pathways for the complete hydrolytic or oxidative degradation of various recalcitrant OM, including aromatic compounds (e.g. benzoate), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. fluorene), polychlorobiphenyl (e.g. 4-chlorobiphenyl) and organochlorine compounds (e.g. chloroalkanes, chlorocyclohexane). Moreover, these organisms showed the potential to synthesize energy storage compounds (e.g. trehalose), and had regulatory modules to respond to changes in nutrient conditions. These metabolic traits lead us to postulate that the Chloroflexi may follow a “feast and famine” metabolic strategy, allowing them to efficiently consume labile OM and store the energy under OM rich conditions, and to survive under OM limitations by utilizing stored energy and degrading recalcitrant OM. Conclusion: This study expands the current knowledge on metabolic strategies in deep-ocean Chlorolfexi, and highlights their significance in deep-sea carbon, sulfur and halogen cycles. The metabolic plasticity likely provides Chloroflexi with advantages for the survival under variable and heterogenic OM inputs in the deep ocean.

Alkylation Reactions with Alkylsulfonium Salts

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze-Yu Tian ◽  
Yu Ma ◽  
Cheng-Pan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Molecules ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Organometallic Reagents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Metal Catalyzed ◽  
Alkylation Reactions

Application of alkylsulfonium salts as alkyl transfer reagents in organic synthesis has reemerged over the past years. Numerous heteroatom- and carbon-centered nucleophiles, alkenes, arenes, alkynes, organometallic reagents, and others were readily alkylated by alkylsulfonium salts under mild conditions. The reactions feature convenience, high efficiency, readily accessible and structurally diversified alkylation reagents, good functional group tolerance, and a wide range of substrate types, allowing for facile synthesis of various useful organic molecules from the commercially available building blocks. This review summarizes the alkylation reactions using either isolated or in situ formed alkylsulfonium salts via nucleophilic substitution, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, and photoredox processes.

scholarly journals Properties and Applications of Extremozymes from Deep-Sea Extremophilic Microorganisms: A Mini Review

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jin ◽  
Yingbao Gai ◽  
Xun Guo ◽  
Yanping Hou ◽  
Runying Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Extremophilic Microorganisms ◽  
Agricultural Food

The deep sea, which is defined as sea water below a depth of 1000 m, is one of the largest biomes on the Earth, and is recognised as an extreme environment due to its range of challenging physical parameters, such as pressure, salinity, temperature, chemicals and metals (such as hydrogen sulphide, copper and arsenic). For surviving in such extreme conditions, deep-sea extremophilic microorganisms employ a variety of adaptive strategies, such as the production of extremozymes, which exhibit outstanding thermal or cold adaptability, salt tolerance and/or pressure tolerance. Owing to their great stability, deep-sea extremozymes have numerous potential applications in a wide range of industries, such as the agricultural, food, chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological sectors. This enormous economic potential combined with recent advances in sampling and molecular and omics technologies has led to the emergence of research regarding deep-sea extremozymes and their primary applications in recent decades. In the present review, we introduced recent advances in research regarding deep-sea extremophiles and the enzymes they produce and discussed their potential industrial applications, with special emphasis on thermophilic, psychrophilic, halophilic and piezophilic enzymes.

Review of Deep Ocean Manned Submersible Activity in 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Kohnen
Keyword(s):  
Deep Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
New Energy ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
Manned Submersible ◽  
Design Depth

AbstractThe world of manned underwater vehicles (MUV) in 2013 counts a total of 95 active submersibles used for ocean research, tourism, and commercial, leisure, and security applications. The MUV industry safety record remains pristine, with not a single incident involving loss of life in over 40 years. The paper reviews the state and future directions for the world’s deepest ocean research submersibles. In 2012 and 2013, the world of deep research submersibles saw dramatic advances, reaching full ocean depth for the first time in more than 50 years. The record of the world’s deepest submersible held by Japan’s Shinkai 6500, rated to 6,500 m depth, for almost 25 years was surpassed by China’s 10-year development project of the Jiaolong submersible, rated to 7,000 m. The Jiaolong successfully completed its multiyear testing program, achieving full design depth in June 2012. This record feat was eclipsed, however, by the surprise disclosure and full ocean depth dive by James Cameron’s Deepsea Challenger, diving to a depth of 10,908 m in the Mariana Trench just months earlier. This depth had not been reached since the historic dive of the bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960, and brings new energy for several national organizations to develop full ocean depth submersibles. There are today a total of 14 national and commercial submersibles capable of diving 1,000 m or deeper, offering a wide range of services. This also provides a global network of rescue capability with locations in the United States, China, Japan, Russia, France, Spain, Canada, and Portugal.

scholarly journals BACTERIAL DIVERSITY OF THE DEEP SEA OF SANGIHE TALAUD, SULAWESI

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gintung Patantis ◽  
Ekowati Chasanah ◽  
Dewi Seswita Zilda ◽  
Ikhsan B. Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Deep sea is an extreme environment characterized by cold temperature, high pressure, lackof  light and nutrients. Microorganisms live in these habitat are unique microorganisms andknown to have tremendous source of potential agents for biotechnology processes. Indonesia asan archipelagic country has a vast deep ocean. This study aims to see the diversity of bacteria inSangihe Talaud Deep Sea, Sulawesi. Analysis of bacterial diversity was carried out by culturedand uncultured method. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) techniquewas used for uncultured analysis of the microorganisms biodiversity, while cultured one wasdone by plating the samples of water onto Zobell media. The results showed that, there were 21isolates obtained by cultured method. The identification which based on 16S rDNA by PCR methodshowed the genus of Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Alteromonas, Vibrio, Shewanella andUncultured bacterium were identified. However, 14 classes of bacteria were obtained by usingTRFLP method i.e Acetobacteraceae class, Actinobacteria, α-proteobacteria, -proteobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, Bacili, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Chroococcales, Clostridia,Erysipelotrichi, Synergistia, and Zetaproteobacteria. here were also  unclassified bacteria anduncultured bacterium found in the samples.

scholarly journals Free Electron Laser Performance within the EuPRAXIA Facility

Instruments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Nguyen ◽  
Axel Bernhard ◽  
Antoine Chancé ◽  
Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie ◽  
Giuseppe Dattoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Type

Over the past 90 years, particle accelerators have evolved into powerful and widely used tools for basic research, industry, medicine, and science. A new type of accelerator that uses plasma wakefields promises gradients as high as some tens of billions of electron volts per meter. This would allow much smaller accelerators that could be used for a wide range of fundamental and applied research applications. One of the target applications is a plasma-driven free-electron laser (FEL), aiming at producing tunable coherent light using electrons traveling in the periodic magnetic field of an undulator. In this work, the plasma-based electron beams with the most promising qualities, designed in the framework of EuPRAXIA, are analyzed in terms of the FEL performance.

scholarly journals Novel Chloroflexi genomes from the deepest ocean reveal metabolic strategies for the adaptation to deep-sea habitats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rulong Liu ◽  
Xing Wei ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Junwei Cao ◽  
Weizhi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Metabolic Reconstruction ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolic Strategies ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background: The deep-sea harbors the majority of the microbial biomass on Earth, and is a key site for organic matter (OM) remineralization and storage in the biosphere. Microbial metabolisms in the deep ocean are greatly controlled by the generally depleted but periodically fluctuating supply of OM. Currently, little is known about metabolic potentials of dominant deep-sea microbes to cope with the variable OM inputs, especially for those living in the hadal trenches - the deepest part of the ocean. Results: In this study, we report the first extensive examination of the metabolic potentials of hadal sediment Chloroflexi, a dominant phylum in hadal trenches and the global deep ocean. Sixty-two metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed from nine metagenomic datasets derived from sediments of the Mariana Trench. These MAGs represent six novel species, four novel genera, one novel family and one novel order within the classes Anaerolinea and Dehalococcoidia. Fragment recruitment showed that these MAGs are globally distributed in deep-sea waters and surface sediments, and transcriptomic analysis indicated their in-situ activities. Metabolic reconstruction showed that hadal Chloroflexi mainly have a heterotrophic lifestyle, with the potential to degrade a wide range of organic carbon, sulfur and halogenated compounds. Our results reveal for the first time that hadal Chloroflexi harbor pathways for the complete hydrolytic or oxidative degradation of various recalcitrant OM, including aromatic compounds (e.g. benzoate), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. fluorene), polychlorobiphenyl (e.g. 4-chlorobiphenyl) and organochlorine compounds (e.g. chloroalkanes, chlorocyclohexane). Moreover, these organisms show the potential to synthesize energy storage compounds (e.g. trehalose), and have regulatory modules to respond to changes in nutrient conditions. These metabolic traits lead us to postulate that the Chloroflexi may follow a “feast and famine” metabolic strategy, which allows them to efficiently consume labile OM and store the energy under rich OM conditions, and to survive under OM limitations by utilizing stored energy and degrading recalcitrant OM. Conclusion: This study expands the knowledge on metabolic processes in deep-ocean Chlorolfexi, and highlights their significance in deep-sea carbon, sulfur and halogen cycles. The metabolic plasticity likely provides Chloroflexi with advantages for the survival under variable and heterogenic OM inputs in the deep ocean.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Hydraulic Laboratory at University of Liège

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Willi H. Hager
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comprehensive Picture

The Hydraulic Laboratory of Liège University, Belgium, is historically considered from its foundation in 1937 to the mid-1960s. The technical facilities of the various Buildings are highlighted, along with canals and instrumentation available. It is noted that in its initial era, comparatively few basic research has been conducted, mainly due to the professional background of the professors leading the establishment. This state was improved in the past 50 years, however, particularly since the Laboratory was dislocated to its current position in the novel University Campus. Biographies of the leading persons associated with the Liège Hydraulic Laboratory are also presented, so that a comprehensive picture is given of one of the currently leading hydraulic Laboratories of Europe.

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