TOXICITY OF PROPOXUR IN WET AND DRY MINERAL SOIL TO ADULTS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Fast Acting

AbstractIn greenhouse tests conducted in moist acid mineral soils, propoxur was highly toxic and fast acting as an adulticide against flies of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), and many other types of adult insects. Some flies in contact with the surface of treated soil were killed in 30 sec or less. When banded at depths of 1, 3.5, and 7 cm, propoxur moved upward and reached peak toxicity to flies standing on the surface in ca. 5, 20, and 35 days, respectively. Deeper placement of the insecticide resulted in lower levels of peak toxicity. Toxicant from 5 to 10 cm depth treatments was still detectable 6 months after soil treatment. Adulticide tests demonstrated that propoxur could be leached downward by addition of excess water to the soil surface. Under the conditions of tests where flies in cages landed at random on treated soils in miniplots, no toxicity was detected when the surface of the treated soil became air dry.A single preplanting subsurface application of propoxur banded below the soil surface in field experiments provided all season protection against cabbage maggot infestations during normal to relatively dry growing seasons but was ineffective during abnormally wet seasons.

CONTROLLING THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), WITH CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Surface Band ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
The Many ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Residual Control

AbstractExperiments with rutabagas, cabbage, and cauliflower were conducted on mineral soils, mainly with pre plan tin g soil treatments of insecticides applied in bands placed about 2.5 cm below the soil surface (1.25 cm below the seed) in shallow ridges to determine the best insecticides for use in controlling the cabbage maggot. Drench or granular spot applications were also used for transplanted stem crucifers. Broadcast, surface band, and supplementary drench treatments had been tested earlier but were discarded in favor of the band-in-row treatments, mainly because of hazard to beneficial predators and parasites. Of the many materials tested, carbofuran, fensulfothion, and chlorfenvinphos have consistently given the best control throughout the growing season. Trichloronat, E.I. 47031, and mecarbam also gave good results. Thionazin and phorate gave excellent control until 1968 when applied at the exact required depth in the row with machinery; control was often erratic when these materials were applied on a field scale with hand applicators. In 1968, these two insecticides gave less effective early season control and poorer residual control than in previous years. Carbofuran, and phorate, appeared to influence the development of rhizoctonia rot lesions on the sides of the roots more than other materials in all experiments. Rot lesions were more numerous and severe on rutabagas that followed potatoes than on land that had previously been used for cereals. Root maggots in stem crucifers were controlled with a number of insecticides. Methods of application for all cruciferous crops are discussed.

New roller crimper concepts for mechanical termination of cover crops in conservation agriculture

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Kornecki ◽  
A.J. Price ◽  
R.L. Raper ◽  
F.J. Arriaga
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Drought Conditions

AbstractRollers crimpers have been used in conservation agriculture to terminate cover crops; however, excessive vibration generated by the original straight-bar roller design has delayed adoption of this technology in the United States. To avoid excessive vibration, producers generally reduce operating speeds that increase the time needed to perform the field operation. The objectives of this research were to identify roller crimper designs that terminated rye cover crops consistently, resulted in soil moisture conservation after use, and minimized vibrations when operated in the field. Six different roller types were developed and tested at 3.2 and 6.4 km h−1 in Alabama field experiments during the 2006, 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. All roller types were used alone and one also in combination with glyphosate. Rye mortalities were evaluated 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling and compared with the check (non-rolled standing rye). Soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) was measured at the day of rolling, and then at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling. Vibration was measured on the rollers' and tractor's frames during operation. Mortality for rolled rye 2 weeks after rolling was at least 98% compared with 96% for the check in 2006, 93% for rolling compared with 75% for the check in 2007, and 94% for rolling compared with 60% for the check in 2008 (P<0.10). There were no consistent differences in rye mortality across roller types (without glyphosate) and speeds. VMC for soil in non-rolled rye plots was consistently lower than in rolled rye plots, averaging 3% compared with 7% 2 weeks after rolling in 2006, and 4% compared with 8% in 2008. During 2007, VMC was affected by severe drought conditions, and differences between roller treatments were detected but minor. The straight-bar roller generated the highest vibration on the tractor's frame at 6.4 km h−1 (0.71 m s−2, RMS), which exceeded International Standards (International Standard Office (ISO)). At 6.4 km h−1, new roller designs generated significantly lower acceleration levels from 0.12 to 0.32 m s−2 on the tractor's frame and were below detrimental effects on health ‘health limits’ classified by ISO. Overall, 2 weeks after rolling, all roller designs effectively terminated rye above 90%, which is the recommended termination level of rye to plant a cash crop into residue mat, while protecting soil surface from water loss. New roller designs generate less vibration than the original design and can be used safely at higher operating speeds.

scholarly journals The fate of some pesticides in Finnish cultivated soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Hannu Braunschweiler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cultivated Soils

The persistence and movement of methabenzthiazuron, metazachlor, trifluralin, iprodione, fenitrothion, fenvalerate and furathiocarb was studied in one growing season in cultivated clay, finesand and organic soils in southern Finland. Trifluralin was studied for two growing seasons. Methabenzthiazuron was the most mobile pesticide and metazachlor was almost as much mobile. They leached at least 15 cm in a month. Fenitrothion and fenvalerate were the most immobile. Trifluralin was the most and fenitrothion the least persistent. The concentrations of iprodione and fenvalerate in the top soils increased towards the autumn, presumably due to leaching of pesticides from plants. The residues of trifluralin measured in the surface layer of the mineral soils at the end of the growing season might have been harfmul to plants sensitive to trifluralin. The residues of trifluralin in the peat soil surface 1.5 years after the treatment were still high. Also methabenzthiazuron, iprodine and fenvalerate residues may in all probability have been detected in the following spring. If the half-life of a pesticide is over 80 - 100 days, it is likely that residues of it may be found in the spring following the application in cultivated Finnish soils.

TOXICITY OF CARBAMATE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ABSORBED BY RUTABAGAS GROWN IN TREATED SOIL

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (12) ◽  
pp. 1319-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticide ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae

AbstractThe toxicity of residues of three carbamate and nine organophosphorus insecticides in rutabaga, measured by bioassay with larvae of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), for periods from 60 days after drilling (when roots were 5 to 6 cm diam.) until 150 days after harvest (roots in storage at 4 °C) are presented graphically. The insecticides were applied 3 to 4 cm below the soil surface in a 10 cm band at several rates ranging from 2.8 to 33.6 kg a.i./ha. Maximum toxicity for carbofuran and fensulfothion residues occurred within 75 days of drilling followed by a steady decline. Conversely, the toxicity of residues of trichloronat and chlorpyrifos increased steadily over the growing period with little or no decline during storage. The remaining insecticides exhibited toxicity patterns between these extremes. At high rates, phytotoxicity was recorded for all compounds except trichloronat and fonofos. Phytotoxicity was so severe with AC64475 ((2-diethoxyphosphinylimino)-1,3-dithietane) that all plants were destroyed with rates in excess of 11.2 kg a.i./acre. AC64475 was the most toxic insecticide to H. brassicae larvae. The nine organophosphorus insecticides included in these tests were mostly concentrated in the peel of rutabaga, whereas the carbamates were mostly concentrated in the pulp.

scholarly journals Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1043-1076
Author(s):  
A. Kammer ◽  
F. Hagedorn
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
One Year

Abstract. Very few field studies have quantified the different pathways of C loss from decomposing litter even though this is essential to better understand long-term dynamics of C stocks in soils. Using 13C-labelled leaf (isotope ratio (δ13C) = −40.8‰) and twig litter (δ13C = −38.4‰), we tracked down the litter-derived C in the soil respiration, in the dissolved organic C (DOC) and in the soil organic matter of a beech forest in the Swiss Jura. After one year of decomposition, mass loss in the litter layer was almost twice as great for leaves as it was for twigs (75% vs. 40%). This difference was not the result of a slow mineralisation of the woody litter, but primarily of the only slight incorporation of twig-derived C into mineral soils. The C mineralisation rates of the twig litter were only slightly lower than those of the leaf litter (10–35%), in particular after the loss of the readily available litter fraction. However, the leaching of DOC from twigs amounted only to half of that from leaves. Tracing the litter-derived DOC showed that DOC from both litter types was mostly retained (88–96%) and stabilised in the top centimetres of the mineral soil. In the soil organic C at 0–2 cm depth, we recovered 8% of the initial leaf C, but only 4% of the twig C. Moreover, the 13C mass balance suggested that a substantial fraction of the leaf material (~30%) was transported via soil fauna to soil depths below 2 cm, while the twig litter mainly decomposed in situ on the soil surface, probably due to its rigid structure and low nutritional value. In summary, our study shows that decaying twigs are rapidly mineralised, but seem to be clearly less important for the C storage in this beech forest soils than leaf litter.

BIOASSAY OF TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES IN SOIL USING EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Bioassay Method ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractA bioassay method was developed for estimating persistence and rate of vertical movement of toxic residues of insecticides in soil Laboratory or field microplots of soil 15 to 45 cm deep were enclosed within a metal or plastic framework comprised of 1 or 5 cm sections which could be readily separated for bioassay. Using eggs and larvae of the cabbage maggot, toxic residues of carbofuran could be estimated at concentrations ranging from ca. 0.2 to 30 μg AI/g of dry soil. Higher concentrations were estimated from bioassays on treated soil serially diluted with untreated soil.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

scholarly journals Biochar Chemistry in a Weathered Tropical Soil: Kinetics of Phosphorus Sorption

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Marina Moura Morales ◽  
Nicholas Brian Comerford ◽  
Maurel Behling ◽  
Daniel Carneiro de Abreu ◽  
Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Kinetics Of

The phosphorus (P) chemistry of biochar (BC)-amended soils is poorly understood. This statement is based on the lack of published research attempting a comprehensive characterization of biochar’s influence on P sorption. Therefore, this study addressed the kinetic limitations of these processes. This was accomplished using a fast pyrolysis biochar made from a mix of waste materials applied to a highly weathered Latossolo Vermelho distrofico (Oxisol) from São Paulo, Brazil. Standard method (batch method) was used. The sorption kinetic studies indicated that P sorption in both cases, soil (S) and soil-biochar (SBC), had a relatively fast initial reaction between 0 to 5 min. This may have happened because adding biochar to the soil decreased P sorption capacity compared to the mineral soil alone. Presumably, this is a result of: (i) Inorganic phosphorus desorbed from biochar was resorbed onto the mineral soil; (ii) charcoal particles physically covered P sorption locations on soil; or (iii) the pH increased when BC was added SBC and the soil surface became more negatively charged, thus increasing anion repulsion and decreasing P sorption.

Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: Seedbed relationships

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Fleming ◽  
D. S. Mossa
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

A series of spot seeding experiments was set out on coarse-textured upland sites in northwestern Ontario to investigate how black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedling establishment and growth could be improved by site selection and seedbed preparation. Virtually all germination occurred within the first growing season. Annual seedling mortality rates were greatest during the first year, then declined steadily and stabilized at low levels (<10%) after the third year. The highest fifth-year establishment ratios (seedlings/viable seed sown) were found on seedbeds derived from materials near the mineral soil/humus interface. On wetter sites (i.e., higher Soil Moisture Regimes) the best seedbeds occurred closer to the soil surface. Mean fifth year establishment ratios for the best seedbeds were 0.032 on moderately fresh to fresh sites, 0.146 on very fresh to moderately moist sites, and 0.082 on moist to very moist sites. On adjacent lowland sites, slow-growing, compact Sphagnum mosses had a mean establishment ratio of 0.179. Mean fifth-year seedling heights on upland sites ranged from 12 to 14 cm, and were not strongly correlated with site or seedbed type. Key words: direct seeding, black spruce, seedbed, seedling establishment, site type and germination

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