GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE NORTH AMERICAN TIGER BEETLE, CICINDELA H1RTICOLLIS SAY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SUBSPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 647-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Graves ◽  
Mark E. Krejci ◽  
Anne C.F. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
River System ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Color Data ◽  
Continental Glaciation

AbstractCicindela hirticollis Say 1817 is associated with shoreline and riverine sand deposits and is widely distributed in North America. Geographic variation in this species was analyzed by multivariate analysis of size, elytral markings, and color data obtained from some 4000 specimens from 75 sites throughout the species distribution. Eleven subspecies are recognized and discussed: C.h. hirticollis Say, gravida LeC., ponderosa Thorns., abrupta Csy., rhodensis Calder, corpuscula Rumpp, shelfordi, athabascensis, coloradula, couleensis, and siuslawensis Graves. Possible Pleistocene réfugia, and redistribution of the species following continental glaciation are discussed. Theoretical advantages of certain variants in particular climates or on certain substrates, are considered. Cicindela hirticollis has been eliminated or is endangered in many of its former habitats due to human activities.Five new subspecies are described: C. h. shelfordi (type locality: Guthrie, OK) which inhabits the Great Plains region; C. h. athabascensis from the Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes of Saskatchewan and Alberta; C. h. coloradula from the Little Colorado River, AZ; C. h. couleensis (type locality: Vantage, WA) which is distributed in the Columbia–Snake river system of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; and C. h. siuslawensis (type locality: Florence, OR) which inhabits the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Pacific–North American Teleconnection Pattern, the Great Plains Low-Level Jet, and North Central U.S. Heavy Rainfall Events*

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (17) ◽  
pp. 6729-6742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith J. Harding ◽  
Peter K. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Teleconnection Pattern ◽  
North Central ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events

Abstract This study demonstrates the relationship between the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern and the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). The negative phase of the PNA, which is associated with lower heights over the Great Plains and ridging in the southeastern United States, enhances the GPLLJ by increasing the pressure gradient within the GPLLJ on 6-hourly to monthly time scales. Strong GPLLJ events predominantly occur when the PNA is negative. Warm-season strong GPLLJ events with a very negative PNA (<−1) are associated with more persistent, longer wavelength planetary waves that increase the duration of GPLLJ events and enhance precipitation over the north central United States. When one considers the greatest 5-day north central U.S. precipitation events, a large majority occur when the PNA is negative, with most exhibiting a very negative PNA. Stronger moisture transport during heavy rainfall events with a very negative PNA decreases the precipitation of locally derived moisture compared to events with a very positive PNA. The PNA becomes negative 2–12 days before heavy rainfall events and is very negative within two weeks of 78% of heavy rainfall events in the north central United States, a finding that could be used to improve medium-range forecasts of heavy rainfall events.

The history of the great northwest European rivers during the past three million years

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1191) ◽  
pp. 559-602 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
River System ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Continental Glaciation ◽  
The Impact

This paper is based on a review of the histories of the Rivers Elbe, Saale, Weser, Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Thames, Somme and Seine. Two further rivers no longer in existence, the Baltic and Channel rivers, are also included. The histories of these rivers illustrate how the interplay of tectonics and climate have influenced the northwest European drainage system through the late Cainozoic. The foundations of the modern drainage system were laid in the Miocene when earth movements associated with Alpine orogenesis and the opening of the North Atlantic were at their height. In general, these early rivers occupied shallow valleys and transported only chemically resistant minerals and lithologies. The Pleistocene was marked by the appearance of cold climates. These climates resulted in fluvial dissection of the landscape, which stripped first regolith, then fresh material derived by periglacial processes. This material accumulated in the river valleys as gravel and sand deposits, which make up the overwhelming bulk of Pleistocene fluvial sediments. The rivers generally adopted braided courses during cold stages. The deeply incised modern valley system has developed largely as a result of rapid climatic changes over the past 2.4 Ma or so. Throughout this period the river system has undergone repeated adjustments in response to continental glaciation. These responses are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the Anglian-Elsterian glaciation that blocked the southern North Sea to produce a vast ice-dammed lake, the overspill from which initiated the Dover Straits. By contrast, interglacial sedimentation comprises predominantly fine, often fossiliferous sediments with rivers normally adopting single-thread channels, while estuarine sediments were deposited in areas invaded by high eustatic sea levels. The impact of sea-level change on the length of rivers and their courses is considered.

SOME BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTHERN NEWFOUNDLAND WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SUBSPECIES (LEPID. RHOPAL.)

1935 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Cyril F. dos Passos
Keyword(s):  
Equal Size ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Continental Glaciation

The Island of Newfoundland is divided into tliree faunal zones—Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian. The latter two are of about equal size but the first is only a narrow strip along the North and North East coasts. TheCollection hereinafter referred to came exclusively from the southwestern part the island in the Canadian zone. The locality is interesting because this part of Newfoundland remained unglaciated during the last continental glaciation. It possesses a large relict flora of species which have persisted since pleistocene times and it is possible that some insects of that period also survie.

scholarly journals Two types of North American droughts related to different atmospheric circulation patterns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela-Maria Burgdorf ◽  
Stefan Brönnimann ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Dust Bowl ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. Proxy-based studies suggest that the southwestern USA is affected by two types of drought, often termed Dust Bowl-type droughts and 1950s type droughts. The spatial drought patterns of the two types are distinct. It has been suggested that they are related to different circulation characteristics, but lack of observation-based data has precluded further studies. In this paper, we analyze multi-annual droughts in North America since 1600 in tree-ring based drought reconstructions and in a global, monthly 3-dimensional reconstruction of the atmosphere. Using cluster analysis of drought indices, we confirm the two main drought types and find a similar catalog of events as previous studies. These two main types of droughts are then analyzed with respect to sea-surface temperatures (SST), sea-level pressure, and 500 hPa geopotential height (GPH) in summer. 1950s-type droughts are related to a stronger wave-train over the Pacific-North American sector than Dust Bowl-type droughts, whereas the latter show the imprint of a poleward shifted jet and establishment of a Great Plains ridge. The 500 hPa GPH patterns of the two types differ significantly not only over the contiguous United States and Canada but also over the North Atlantic and the Pacific. Dust Bowl-type droughts are associated with positive anomalies, while 1950s-type droughts exhibit strong negative anomalies. In comparison with 1950s-type droughts, the Dust Bowl-type droughts are characterized by higher SSTs in the North Atlantic. Results suggest that atmospheric circulation and SST characteristics not only over the Pacific but also over the extratropical North Atlantic affect the spatial pattern of North American droughts.

scholarly journals Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1043 ◽  
pp. 147-191
Author(s):  
Kyuhee Cho ◽  
Chailinn Park ◽  
Ruth Böttger-Schnack
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Three species of Spinoncaea Böttger-Schnack, 2003 are newly recorded in three locations of the equatorial and temperate Pacific Ocean collected by using a net of 60 μm mesh size. For all three species, morphological characters and patterns of ornamentation were analyzed in detail and illustrations of both sexes, also including form variants of the females, are provided. For the first time, information about the variability of various continuous (morphometric) characters are given, such as the spine lengths on the rami of the swimming legs or the proportions of urosomites. The complementary morphological descriptions of the Pacific specimens focus on similarities or modifications of characters as compared to earlier descriptions of these species from the type locality and various other localities. For S. ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966), originally but insufficiently described from the Adriatic Sea, the Pacific material is similar in most aspects to the comprehensive redescription of the species from the Red Sea and from the type locality, except for a difference in the morphometry of the distal endopod segment on the antenna, which is discussed here. For S. tenuis Böttger-Schnack, 2003, and S. humesi Böttger-Schnack, 2003, the Pacific material mostly coincides with the characteristic features as described in the original account from the Red Sea. For all three species, differences and/or additions in ornamentation details were found in Pacific specimens (e.g., on the intercoxal sclerite of the first swimming leg or on the genital somite of the male) and females with aberrant morphology were detected. Genetic analyses based on 12S srRNA revealed for two species, S. ivlevi and S. humesi, little or no differences in genetic sequences between Pacific specimens and those recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, thus demonstrating that specimens from both locations are conspecific. For S. tenuis, for which no comparable genetic data are available, 12S srRNA amplification was unsuccessful as was the amplification of mitochondrial COI (barcoding) for all three species. The applicability of using COI amplification for barcoding of oncaeid copepods is discussed.

Complex Holocene Fault Ruptures on the Warm Springs Valley Fault in the Northern Walker Lane, Nevada–Northern California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Chupik ◽  
Richard Koehler ◽  
Amanda Keen-Zebert
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Walker Lane ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Slip History ◽  
Warm Springs ◽  
Lake Deposits

ABSTRACT The Warm Spring Valley fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault situated in the northern Walker Lane—a region of distributed deformation that accommodates ~15% of the dextral shear between the North American and the Pacific plates. We assess the Holocene slip history through new mapping for the entire fault and a paleoseismic trenching investigation for the northern section of the fault. The fault is expressed in Holocene deposits for a minimum of 80 km and upward of 96 km, encompassing a wide deformation zone (~0.5–2 km) characterized by short discontinuous fault scarps in young alluvial deposits, stepping and anastomosing fault strands, pop-up features, linear drainages, and sag ponds. Trenching on the northern section of the fault reveals evidence for at least two and possibly three surface-rupturing events since 15.8 ± 1.3 ka, matching the timing of the Seehoo highstand of Lake Lahontan. Earthquakes are broadly constrained between 16.4 and 9.2 ka, a possible event between 9.0 and 6.4 ka, and an event between 3.5 and 0.1 ka, determined based on stratigraphic relationships and radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence geochronology. The ages of all three earthquakes provide a recurrence interval of ~5.5 ± 1.6 ka for the fault. The earthquake timing overlaps with trenching results from the southern section of the fault, suggesting that full-length fault ruptures generating Mw 7.3–7.4 earthquakes are possible. Post-Lake Lahontan sand dunes are faulted in the Honey Lake basin along with pluvial lake deposits next to Honey Lake, providing supportive evidence for one or multiple Holocene earthquakes. Faults range in orientation from 270° to 360° and match the orientations of shears in clay model experiments suggesting that fault ruptures on the Warm Springs Valley fault are complex, similar to complex historical earthquakes, and consistent with youthful fault development in the northern Walker Lane.

Regional Patterns in Prevelar Raising

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Prevelar raising is the raising of TRAP and DRESS vowels before voiced velars. While BAG-and BEG-raising have been described in Canada, the Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Northwest, an in-depth investigation of their distribution across North America is lacking, especially for BEG. Using an online survey distributed to over 5,000 participants via Reddit (which skews towards younger White males) and ordinary kriging for spatial interpolation, this study finds that prevelar raising is more widespread than previously reported. BAG-raising is found in much of the North and the Upper Midwest. BEG-raising is far more variable and is common across much of the Midlands and the West, with concentrated pockets in the Northern Great Plains and various other regions. This data suggests that the two can occur independently, with areas like the upper Midwest exhibiting BAG-raising alone, and the Midlands and the West reporting BEG-raising alone. These findings suggest that additional research on prevelar raising and other infrequent phonological variables is required to uncover their regional distribution and social meaning.

WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Arif Sultan
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circumstances,economic cooperation among Muslim countries should be onthe top of their agenda.Muslim countries today constitute about one-third of the membershipof the United Nations. There are around 56 independentMuslim states with a population of around 800 million coveringabout 20 percent of the land area of the world. Stretchingbetween Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Muslim Worldstraddles from North Africa to Indonesia, in two major Islamicblocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africa to Indonesia,in two major blocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africaand Asia and a smaller group in South and Southeast Asia.'GATT is a multilateral agreement on tariffs and trade establishing thecode of rules, regulations, and modalities regulating and operating internationaltrade. It also serves as a forum for discussions and negotiations ...

Loadings of Selected Chemicals into the St. Lawrence River System from Lake Ontario, 1986/87

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.K. Tsanis ◽  
J. Biberhofer ◽  
C.R. Murthy ◽  
A. Sylvestre
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
River System ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
The South ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Chemical Monitoring ◽  
The North ◽  
Loading Estimates ◽  
St Lawrence River

Abstract Determination of the mass output through the St. Lawrence River outflow system is an important component in computing mass balance of chemical loadings to Lake Ontario. The total flow rate in the St. Lawrence River System at the Wolfe Island area was calculated from detailed time series current meter measurements from a network of current meters and Lagrangian drifter experiments. This flow is roughly distributed in the ratio of 55% to 45% in the South and North channel, respectively. Loading estimates of selected chemicals have been made by combining the above transport calculations with the ongoing chemical monitoring data at the St. Lawrence outflow. A vertical gradient in the concentration of some organic and inorganic chemicals was observed. The measured concentration for some of the chemicals was higher during the summer months and also is higher in the South Channel than in the North Channel of the St. Lawrence River. These loading estimates are useful not only for modelling the mass balance of chemicals in Lake Ontario but also for serving as input loadings to the St. Lawrence River system from Lake Ontario.

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