scholarly journals PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF EUPELMIDAE, WITH A REVISION OF THE WORLD GENERA OF CALOSOTINAE AND METAPELMATINAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (S149) ◽  
pp. 3-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Character State ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Biogeographic Region ◽  
State Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In

AbstractThree subfamilies are classified in Eupelmidae: Calosotinae Bouček, Eupelminae Walker, and Metapelmatinae Bouček. Diagnoses of these three subfamilies and of Tanaostigmatidae are given, together with a key to distinguish members from each other and from other Chalcidoidea. Genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae are revised for the world, with a key to genera given for both subfamilies. For each genus the following is provided: synonymy, description of structural features of males and females, notes on distribution and hosts, available keys to species listed by biogeographic region, and a catalog of species. New generic combinations are made in the catalogs of species based on examination of type specimens of the species. Eight genera are included in Calosotinae [type species in brackets]: Archaeopelma gen.nov. [A. tropeotergum sp.nov.], Licrooides gen.nov. [L. umbilicatus sp.nov.], Paraeusandalum gen.nov. [P. chilense sp.nov.], Eusandalum Ratzeburg, Chirolophus Haliday, Calosota Curtis, Balcha Walker, and Tanythorax gen.nov. [T. spinosus sp.nov.]. Four genera are included in Metapelmatinae: Metapelma Westwood, Neanastatus Girault, Eopelma gen.nov. [E. mystax sp.nov.], and Lambdobregma gen.nov. [L. schwarzii (Ashmead) comb.nov.]. The following are proposed as new synonymies: Notosandalum De Santis and Exosandalum Bouček = Eusandalum Ratzeburg, and Metacalosoter Masi = Calosota Curtis. Eighteen structural features of adults of the three eupelmid subfamilies, and of other Chalcidoidea including Tanaostigmatidae, Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, and Pteromalidae, are studied to delimit character states and determine their distribution among the higher taxa. Twenty-two additional features of adults of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae are studied for supplemental evidence of relationships among the genera in these two subfamilies. Observed character-state distributions are used to postulate character polarity and homoplastic states, and hypotheses of monophyly and relationships among taxa are based on proposed synapomorphic states. Aphelinidae sensu lato (including the subfamily Eriaporinae) are indicated as either a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon if the Eriaporinae are included but the Signiphoridae are excluded. Tanaostigmatidae sensu lato (including the genus Cynipencyrtus Ishii) are indicated as the sister group of Encyrtidae based on a relatively long mesoscutal process for the muscle pl2–t2c, and structure of the articulation between the mesoscutum and scutellar-axillar complex. The genus Cynipencyrtus Ishii is indicated to be most closely related to Encyrtidae based on common possession of transverse axillae and mesotibial apical pegs. Possible relationships among Calosotinae, Metapelmatinae, and Eupelminae, and among these and Tanaostigmatidae + Encyrtidae remain unresolved. There are no derived character states unique to either Eupelmidae, or Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + Encyrtidae), so that these taxa and relationships are not definitively supported as monophyletic. Eupelmidae may represent a grade-level taxon with membership determined by similar suites of apomorphic states that function to enhance jumping ability. Cladograms are used to illustrate alternate hypotheses of character-state evolution and relationships among the genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae. Distribution of character states for the higher taxa and for each genus of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae is summarized in two tables. Scanning electron photomicrographs are used to illustrate structural features.

scholarly journals Features of Inheritance of Cryptocurrency Assets

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Omelchuk ◽  
Inna Iliopol ◽  
Snizhanna Alina
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Made In

The article analyzes the legal nature and specific of legal regulation of cryptocurrency in order to reveal the features of inheritance of cryptocurrency assets. The article aims to reveal whether it is possible to inherit cryptocurrency in terms of the existent legislation and if so, what kind of peculiarities of cryptocurrency should be considered. The financial and legal nature of cryptocurrency are described in the article. The main differences between cryptocurrency and traditional electronic money are revealed. The current legislation of Ukraine and some European countries on cryptocurrency legal status is analyzed. It is stated, that in most countries of the world, cryptocurrency is not considered to be money or currency, but rather a kind of property. It is noted, that while solving the issue of inclusion of cryptocurrency assets in the legacy, it is necessary to take into account the functional features of cryptocurrencies in general and the specifics of a particular type of cryptocurrency. Most of the benefits of cryptocurrencies for their owner (such as anonymous character) are obstacles to their inheritance according to the procedures provided by applicable law. The classification of the methods of inheritance of cryptocurrency assets is made in the article. The differences in the inheritance of cryptocurrency and tokens are revealed.

Recent Work on the Phacopidae

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 308-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Cowper Reed
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Author ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In

Since the publication of the paper by the present author in 1905 on the Classification of the Phacopidae, a considerable advance has been made in our knowledge of this family as a result of further and better material being obtained, and of new discoveries in different parts of the world. Many new genera and subgenera have been instituted, and modifications or limitations of some of the old terms have been introduced by various authors. The work of Wedekind, Clarke, Rud. and E. Richter, and Kozlowski has specially dealt with questions of classification, but there is still a considerable amount of diversity in the usage and application of the generic and subgeneric names.

EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Character State ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Lateral Edge ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Evolution ◽  
Internal Character ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractTwenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.

The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1180 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR ◽  
JEFFREY M. CUMMING
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
The Family

A cladistic analysis of the Empidoidea and basal lineages of the Cyclorrhapha, based on morphological characters, confirms the monophyly of both groups as well as that of the                    Eremoneura. The resulting final trees are used to revise the classification of the Empidoidea to include the following five families: Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae (including Nemedininae n. subfam.), Brachystomatidae rev. stat. (comprising the subfamilies Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae and Trichopezinae), and Dolichopodidae s.lat. The family Microphoridae is not recognized, and the Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae are assigned to the Dolichopodidae s.lat. The Dolichopodidae s.str. includes 15 subfamilies that were previously recognized within the family. Within the Empidoidea we found support for Atelestidae as the sister group to the Hybotidae and for the monophyly of Parathalassiinae + Dolichopodidae s.str. The Empididae remains poorly defined and the genera Homalocnemis Philippi, Iteaphila Zetterstedt, Anthepiscopus Becker, and Oreogeton Schiner are classified as incertae sedis within the                   Empidoidea. In addition, the following higher taxa are proposed: Symballophthalmini n. tribe, Bicellariini n. tribe, Oedaleinae rev. stat., and Trichininae rev. stat., which are all assigned to the Hybotidae. The genus Sematopoda Collin is tentatively assigned to Trichopezinae, and Xanthodromia Saigusa is transferred from Hemerodromiinae to Brachystomatinae.        All morphological characters are extensively discussed and illustrated, including details of the antennae, mouthparts, internal thoracic structures, wings, and male and female terminalia. In addition, a key to families and unplaced genus groups of the Empidoidea is provided. Feeding habits are also discussed in terms of the empidoid ground plan condition.

SOME PRO- AND MESOTHORACIC STRUCTURES IMPORTANT FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HYMENOPTERA, WITH A REVIEW OF TERMS USED FOR THE STRUCTURES

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 1395-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Character State ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Prior Use ◽  
Attachment Mechanism ◽  
Single Set

AbstractThe character-state distribution of various external and internal pro- and mesothoracic structures of Hymenoptera is described. Structures discussed are the transscutal articulation, axillae, notauli, median mesoscutal sulcus, parapsidal lines, pronotal lobe, postspiracular sclerite, prepectus, netrion, epicnemium, basalare, pronotal-mesothor-acic attachment mechanism, and 2 mesothoracic muscles, viz. mesotrochanteral depressor and second-phragmal flexor. Ancestral state and transformation of the characters are hypothesized, and shared derived states of higher taxa are determined. Hypotheses of synapomorphy are based on the shared derived states, and these hypotheses used to test previous hypotheses of relationship and classification. Relationships of Symphyta to Apocrita and of Aculeata to Terebrantes are discussed, and various aspects of classification of Symphyta and Terebrantes are examined. Finally, prior use of terms is reviewed for the thoracic structures studied. A single set of terms is selected for use throughout the order based on original use of each term and on hypotheses of homology.

Systematics and Phylogeny of Leptomorphus Curtis (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3549 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER J. BORKENT ◽  
TERRY A. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
World Fauna

The world fauna of the genus Leptomorphus Curtis, 1831 is revised and a phylogeny of species relationships, based onmorphological characters, is presented. An updated genus diagnosis and description are given. Species descriptions,diagnoses, illustrations of general habitus, wings, male genitalia and distributions are provided for 37 valid species, alongwith a key to adults.Twelve new species are described; L. amorimi Borkent, n. sp., L. brandiae Borkent, n. sp., L. crassipilus Borkent, n.sp., L. eberhardi Borkent, n. sp., and L. waodani Borkent, n. sp., from the Neotropical realm, L. furcatus Borkent, n. sp.,and L. perplexus Borkent, n. sp., from the Nearctic realm, L. mandelai Borkent, n. sp., and L. stigmatus Borkent, n. sp.,from the Afrotropical realm, and L. tabatius Borkent, n. sp., L. tagbanua Borkent, n. sp., and L. titiwangsensis Borkent,n. sp., from the Oriental realm. Type specimens were studied for all but three species (L. ornatus, L. subforcipatus and L.talyshensis). Leptomorphus elegans Matile and L. lepidus Matile are considered junior synonyms of L. gracilis Matile, n.syns., and L. ypsilon Johannsen is a junior synonym of L. hyalinus Coquillett, n. syn. Lectotypes are designated for L.magnificus (Johannsen), L. neivai Edwards, and L. walkeri Curtis and a neotype is selected for L. bifasciatus (Say). Thisstudy brings the total number of extant Leptomorphus species to 45, including eight, unique (based on figures anddescriptions), recently described Oriental and northwestern Australasian species (Papp & Ševčík 2011), for whichmaterial was unavailable for this study. The phylogenetic analysis in this study supports the monophyly ofLeptomorphus. The western Nearctic species, L. perplexus, is the sister group to the remaining species, which fell intofour major monophyletic species groups (L. ornatus Brunetti group, L. grjebinei Matile group, L. walkeri group, L.furcatus group). The monophyletic relationships within each group are also discussed. The clades found in this study do not support the arrangement of species in to the Leptomorphus subgenera recognized by previous classifications.

Reassessment of the classification of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata), based on morphological characters. I. General character evaluation and delineation of the families Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2697 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER MARTYNOV
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
General Character ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic Marker ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Most of the taxonomically reliable internal and microstructural characters (e.g. jaws, dental plate, genital plates, vertebrae) of the recent Ophiuroidea are studied using SEM on a broad comparative basis for the first time, including examination of the arm spine articulation shape in 178 species from 105 genera and 16 families encompassing all major ophiuroid generic diversity. Numerous taxonomic contradictions caused by “over-applying” of external characters to traditional ophiuroid systematics are found and analyzed. Among newly applied microstructural characters, the shape of the arm spine articulations is found to be of great importance for ophiuroid taxonomy at all levels, from order to species. An identification key of the ophiuroid families based exclusively on the shape of the arm spine articulations is presented. Major genera of Ophiacanthidae were studied in order to delineate this family. The group of taxa, traditionally known as the ophiacanthid subfamily Ophiotominae (Paterson, 1985) that was apparently intermediate between Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae, including the genera Amphilimna Verrill, 1899, Ophiocymbium Lyman, 1880, Ophiodaces Koehler, 1922, Ophiodelos Koehler, 1930, Ophiolimna Verrill, 1899, Ophiologimus H.L. Clark, 1911, Ophiomedea Koehler, 1906, Ophiophrura H.L. Clark, 1911, Ophiopristis Verrill, 1899, Ophioprium H.L. Clark, 1915, Ophiosparte Koehler, 1922, Ophiotoma Lyman, 1883, Ophiotrema Koehler, 1896 was studied in detail using most of available type specimens. In order to study interspecific variability and usefulness as a taxonomic marker of the arm spine articulations, four new species of the apparently ophiotomin genus Ophiocymbium are described: O. antarcticus sp. nov., O. ninae sp. nov., O. tanyae sp. nov. and O. rarispinum sp. nov. A new genus and species, which has affinities to Ophiotominae, Ophioplexa condita gen. et sp. nov. is described. It is demonstrated that many of the genera traditionally included in the subfamily Ophiotominae, e.g. the genera Ophiocymbium, Ophiologimus, Ophiophrura, Ophioprium and Ophioplexa condita gen. et sp. nov., belong to the family Ophiomyxidae instead of Ophiacanthidae. Another apparently intermediate taxon, Ophiorupta discrepans (Koehler, 1922) comb. nov. is also considered as an ophiomyxid. Several further genera with disputed taxonomic placement, e.g. Amphilimna, Ophiopsila, Ophiolimna, Ophioconis, were studied especially and their revised placement is proposed. The following genera are exluded from the family Ophiacanthidae: Amphilimna, Ophiocymbium, Opiodaces, Ophiodelos, Ophiologimus, Ophiophrura, Ophioprium and Ophiosparte. The previously proposed paraphyly of the family Ophiacanthidae (Smith et al., 1995) was to a great extent caused by including a number of genera from distantly related families. The relationship between extinct Oegophiurida and recent ophiuroids was analyzed. A remarkable similarity between arm spine articulations of some Paleozoic oegophiurids and the recent ophiomyxid Ophioscolex glacialis Müller & Troschel, 1842 was discovered. Oegophiurid groove spines are suggested to be homologous with the tentacle scales of the remaining Ophiuroidea. It is suggested that the family Ophiomyxidae thus may be related to some crown Oegophiurida that had already acquired fused vertebrae. The higher ophiuroid taxonomy, based on the genital plate patterns, is critically analyzed in the light of the present data. It is suggested that instead of earlier proposed numerous ophiuroid subgroups most ophiuroid families are closely related. It is suggested, that most of the ophiuroid families (includes Ophiomyxidae, Ophiacanthidae, Ophiodermatidae, Ophiocomidae, Ophionereididae, Ophiochitonidae, Amphilepididae, Amphiuridae, Ophiactidae, Ophiolepididae, Hemieuryalidae, Ophiotrichidae) form a compact group with numerous intermediate taxa even between apparently very different families, whereas the family Ophiuridae and the traditional order Euryalida are more distantly related to the rest of Ophiuroidea. An appropriate name for this higher ophiuroid group will be suggested after a detailed analysis of other ophiuroid groups, which will be made in further publications of this series.

scholarly journals From Covid “today” to low-carbon “tomorrow”: analysis of foreign forecasts for the development of world energy

Georesursy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Alexey M. Mastepanov
Keyword(s):  
Primary Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
Analytical Centers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

The article is devoted to the analysis of forecasts of the world energy development made recently (from September 2020 to May 2021) by the world’s leading analytical centers, taking into account “the new reality” – the coronavirus pandemic. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of the world economy and energy consumption and the estimates of its consequences on long-term global economic growth made in various forecasts and prognostic studies are considered. It is shown that the priority of most of the prognostic estimates of the world consumption of primary energy resources made by the world’s leading analytical centers in recent years is a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions by energy and stabilization of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in order to prevent negative climate changes on our planet. A conditional classification of scenarios for the prospective development of global energy is given, depending on the ideology that is embedded in them, an analysis of the fulfilled forecasts is given. It is concluded that Russian research structures need to develop their own similar forecasts.

Geometrid Moths of the World

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Scoble
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Taxonomic Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Card Index

The Geometridae is one of the most species-rich families of Lepidoptera. This book is the first comprehensive catalogue of the 35 000 names of these insects. The primary purpose of the work is to provide a substantial body of taxonomic information, much of it previously unpublished, on the available names of the Geometridae. The catalogue is based on the most complete world classification of the geometrids, the card index to genera and species in The Natural History Museum, London. The two volumes include information on type specimens, type localities and, where possible, larval foodplants. A CD-ROM listing all species referred to in the two text volumes is included with the package and will be of great value to verify valid names and to check spelling.

Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1647 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER A. DESJARDINS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Smooth Convex ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The World

A morphological phylogenetic analysis of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is provided, and the generic classification is revised. A hypothesized phylogeny is given based on 73 characters, primarily from adult females. The diparines are supported as monophyletic in all analyses based on 4–6 synapomorphies depending on their sister-group, including the presence of a cercal brush which is synapomorphic in all analyses. The cercal brush, in combination with the absence of a smooth, convex dorsellum, is diagnostic for Diparinae. Liepara Bou…ek (Pteromalidae: subfamily inquirenda) and Bohpa Darling (Pteromalidae: Ceinae) both appear as sister-group to Diparinae in different analyses. In the proposed classification scheme, Diparinae consists of 116 species in 14 genera. Nine genera are removed from Diparinae, two of which are placed in synonymy: Calolelaps Timberlake, Dinarmolaelaps Masi, Mesolelaps Ashmead, Neolelaps Ashmead, and Stictolelaps Timberlake are placed in Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), while Seyrigina Risbec is placed in Eulophinae (Eulophidae); Diparisca Hedqvist is synonymized under Spalangiopelta Masi (Pteromalidae: Ceinae); Bekiliella Risbec is synonymized under Notanisus Walker (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae); and Liepara Bou…ek and the tribe Lieparini Bou…ek are placed in Pteromalidae without a subfamily association. Fifteen new generic synonyms are proposed: Afrolelaps Hedqvist, Alloterra Kieffer and Marshall, Diparomorpha Hedqvist, Emersonia Girault, Grahamisia Delucchi, Parurios Girault, Pondia Hedqvist, Pseudipara Girault, Trimicrops Kieffer, and Uriolelaps Girault under Dipara Walker; Spalangiolelaps Girault under Lelaps Walker; Australolaelaps Girault under Neapterolelaps Girault; Dolichodipara Hedqvist under Myrmicolelaps Hedqvist; and Dipareta Bou…ek and Malinka Bou…ek under Pseudoceraphron Dodd. Three genera are described as new: Cerodipara, Dozodipara, and Chimaerolelaps. Fourteen new species are described: Cerodipara sabensis, Chimaerolelaps villosa, Conophorisca littoriticus, C. grisselli, Dozodipara insularis, Lelaps noortii, Myrmicolelaps iridius, M. aurantius, Neapterolelaps viridescens, N. mitteri, Nosodipara ferrana, Pseudoceraphron regieri, P. burwelli, and P. fijensis. A key to the genera of Diparinae is provided. The species of each genus are cataloged, and species-level keys are provided for most genera in which new species are described. New biological information shows that diparine host range is not restricted to Curculionidae as previously thought; one species of Myrmicolelaps was reared from mantid oothecae and a second from a tsetse fly puparium (Glossinidae: Glossina).

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