CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS, PARTICULARLY HIEROGLYPHUS DAGANENSIS, IN NORTHERN BENIN USING METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE

AbstractTrials on the use of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal conidia in oil-based formulation for the control of grasshoppers, particularly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in Malanville, north Benin, are described. Preliminary work examined sprayer types, application rate, and time of application. In a trial on 4-ha plots with three replicates, M. flavoviride mycoinsecticide application to H. daganensis nymphs resulted in field population reductions of 70% after 14 days. In samples incubated in cages, mortality was higher in the samples taken 3 or 7 days after application than in the sample taken immediately after application, indicating the possibility of residual pick-up compared with direct spray impact in this environment. Significant mortality was still being observed in samples collected 37 days after application; to investigate this further, a method for bioassaying the spore load in the field was developed and used to monitor the spore load in the field. The possibility that the results indicate the occurrence of secondary infections resulting from horizontal transmission of M. flavoviride is discussed.

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Influence of four commonly used pesticides on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae)

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/a98021 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

pp. 1297 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. P. D. Choo ◽

G. H. Baker ◽

L. P. D. Choo ◽

G. H. Baker

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Application Rate ◽

Normal Rate ◽

Cocoon Production ◽

Application Rates ◽

Aporrectodea Trapezoides ◽

Growth And Reproduction ◽

Significant Mortality

The effects of 4 commonly used pesticides, endosulfan (insecticide), fenamiphos (nematicide), methiocarb (molluscicide), and ridomil (fungicide) on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) were measured in laboratory and field experiments. When the earthworms were exposed to the pesticides on moist filter paper for 48 h, fenamiphos and, to a lesser extent, endosulfan caused significant mortality. In contrast, the survival of A. trapezoides was rarely affected by the pesticides during exposure for 5 weeks in pots and cages containing soil (only noted under 10 × normal application rate of endosulfan against adult worms). However, endosulfan did significantly reduce the weight of juvenile A. trapezoides within 5 weeks when applied to soil at normal application rate in both the field and laboratory. Fenamiphos did so at normal application rate in the field only. Fenamiphos and methiocarb reduced earthworm weight in the laboratory when applied at 10 × normal rate. The clitella of adult earthworms regressed with exposure to endosulfan at normal rate and also exposure to fenamiphos at 10 × normal rate. Cocoon production was inhibited by endosulfan and fenamiphos at normal application rates and methiocarb at 10 × normal rate. The use of some pesticides, in particular endosulfan, could significantly reduce the establishment of abundant and beneficial populations of earthworms in Australian pastures.

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601 An Evaluation of Sulphosate and Four Glyphosate Formulations on Conifers

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.550e ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 550E-551

Author(s):

Larry Kuhns ◽

Tracey Harpster

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

New Product ◽

Application Rate ◽

Herbicidal Activity ◽

White Pine ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Fraser Fir ◽

Time Of Application ◽

White Fir ◽

Glyphosate Formulations

Though glyphosate is considered to be a nonselective herbicide, conifer growers have long known that under certain conditions, they could contact the lower branches of their trees with the herbicide Roundup without injuring them. Species, time of application, rate of application, surfactant, method of application, and pruning wounds are all factors affecting conifer tolerance to glyphosate. Because Roundup was widely used by conifer growers, they were very concerned when the formulation of Roundup was changed to contain a more active surfactant. The new product was marketed under the name Roundup Pro. This change increased its herbicidal activity and raised the possibility that it could damage trees if applied in the same way as Roundup. To determine the tolerance of conifers grown in the northeast to a variety of glyphosate formulations, and sulfosate, a set of studies was established. Roundup, Roundup Pro, Glyfos, Accord, and Sulfosate were all applied to field grown hemlock, white fir, Canaan fir, fraser fir, douglas fir, Colorado spruce, and eastern white pine. Rates of 1 to 3 lb active ingredient/A were applied in the fall after new growth was hardened off. In general, it was found that the risk of injuring trees with Roundup Pro is greater than with the old formulation of Roundup. However, in all cases in which Roundup Pro caused more injury than Roundup, the Roundup Pro was applied at 3 lb active ingredient/A. This rate is double the rate recommended for this use. In calibrated, directed spray applications at 1.5 lb active ingredient/A or less, Roundup Pro should be safe for use around the species tested after their growth has fully hardened in the fall.

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Nitrogen and Potassium Application Scheduling Effects on Drip-irrigated Tomato Yield and Leaf Tissue Analysis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.2.230 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 230-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Salvadore J. Locascio ◽

George J. Hochmuth ◽

Fred M. Rhoads ◽

Steve M. Olson ◽

Alan G. Smajstrla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Application Rate ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Tomato Yield ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Petiole Sap

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown with drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand and on an Orangeburg fine sandy loam to evaluate the effect of N and K time of application on petiole sap, leaf-N and -K concentrations, fruit yield, and to determine N and K sufficiency ranges in leaf tissue. On the sandy soil, N—K at 196-112 kg·ha-1 were applied 0%, 40%, or 100% preplant with the remainder applied in 6 or 12 equal or in variable applications in 12 weeks. With the variable application rate, most nutrients were applied between weeks 5 and 10 after transplanting. On the sandy loam soil that tested high in K, only N (196 kg·ha-1) was applied as above. Petiole sap K concentration declined during the season, but was not greatly affected by treatment. Petiole NO3-N concentrations decreased during the season from 1100 to 200 mg·L-1, and the decrease was greater with preplant N treatments. On the sandy soil, marketable fruit yields were lowest with 100% preplant, intermediate with 100% drip applied (no preplant N), and highest with 40% preplant and 60% drip applied. With 100% drip applied, yields were higher with 12 even applications than with either six even weekly applications or with 12 variable N and K applications. With 40% preplant, timing of application had little effect on yield. On the sandy loam soil in 1993, yields were highest with 100% preplant, intermediate with 40% preplant and 60% drip applied, and lowest with all N drip applied. In 1994 when excessive rains occurred, yields were similar with all preplant and with split N applications. Petiole N concentration was correlated with tomato yield, especially at 10 weeks after transplanting. The best correlation between sap-N and total yields occurred between 4 and 6 weeks at Gainesville and between 4 and 10 weeks at Quincy.

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The effect of quantity, source and time of application of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and quality of Andropogon gayanus at Shika, Nigeria

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600052758 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 529-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. J. Haggar

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Calcium Nitrate ◽

Application Rate ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Andropogon Gayanus

SUMMARYExperiments made at Shika, Nigeria, over a period of 3 years showed that the drymatter response of Andropogon gayanus to applied N was curvilinear over the range 0–896 kg N/ha, with maximum yields being obtained at an application rate of about 500 kg N/ha. However, the highest return of dry matter per unit of fertilizer applied (14·4 kg D.M./kg N) occurred at 28 kg N/ha and there was only a modest increase in crude-protein content as N was increased, reaching a maximum of 10·5% at the highest level of N. Also, at both high and intermediate levels of N, A. gayanus was replaced by less desirable grasses.May, the beginning of the rainy season, was found to be the most efficient time to apply N, although reasonable dry-matter responses were obtained by applying N in the dry season. ‘Nitro-chalk’ and calcium nitrate were more efficient sources of N than urea, sodium nitrate and, in the long term, ammonium sulphate.

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Effect of Application Rate, Weed Species, and Weed Stage of Growth on Imazethapyr Activity

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500057271 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 227-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Tracy E. Klingaman ◽

Charles A. King ◽

Lawrence R. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Application Rate ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Red Rice ◽

Weed Species ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Time Of Application ◽

True Leaf ◽

Application Rates

Field experiments were conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1988 to evaluate imazethapyr rate and time of application on postemergence control of 24 weed species. Contour graphs were developed that predicted imazethapyr rates required for various levels of weed control based upon weed leaf number at application. Rates below the labeled rate (70 g ha−1) provided 90% or greater control of common cocklebur, smallflower morningglory, and smooth pigweed if applied to 3 true-leaf or smaller weeds and of barnyardgrass, seedling johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth if applied while weeds were in the cotyledon or 1 true-leaf stage. A rate of 70 g ha−1provided 90% control of large crabgrass in the 1 true-leaf stage. Entireleaf morningglory, red rice, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf are not susceptible enough to imazethapyr for 90% or greater control to be obtained with rates lower than 70 g ha−1at the 1 true-leaf growth stage. These data demonstrate how control data can be used for developing effective reduced-rate herbicide recommendations based on weed leaf number.

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LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PHOSALONE FOR CONTROL OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-23.4.374 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 374-378

Author(s):

Jacqueline L. Robertson ◽

Haiganoush K. Preisler

Keyword(s):

Spruce Budworm ◽

Field Trials ◽

Application Rate ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Agricultural Pests ◽

Western Spruce Budworm ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

Population Mortality

Phosalone was tested to estimate the optimal time and minimum application rate for 90% population mortality of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, larvae. The optimal time of application was estimated to be during the first 10 days after the first group of second instars emerged from diapause, especially between days 7 and 8. Aerial application rates necessary to bracket 90% mortality were estimated as 320, 640, and 960 g/ha. Because these rates are well below the application rates used for agricultural pests, phosalone is a candidate for field trials on western spruce budworm.

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ENTOMOPOXVIRUSES OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL

Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada ◽

10.4039/entm129171115-1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 129 (S171) ◽

pp. 115-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D.A. Streett ◽

S.A. Woods ◽

M.A. Erlandson

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Host Range ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Microbial Control ◽

Virus Production ◽

Application Rate ◽

Infection Process ◽

Occlusion Bodies

AbstractEntomopoxviruses (EPVs) are insect poxviruses that are often found infecting grasshoppers and locusts. Nearly 15 grasshopper and locust EPVs have been reported in the literature. This review describes our current knowledge of the biology of grasshopper and locust EPVs including virus ultrastructure, host range, production in cell culture, pathology, process of infection, epizootiology, and field evaluations of the viruses to assess their potential as biological control agents. The most extensively studied has been the Melanoplus sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV). Trypsin-like protease activity has been identified in association with MsEPV occlusion bodies but its importance in the infection process is not known. Mortality from MsEPV has been found to occur in two distinct time frames over 6 weeks or longer. MsEPV is also the only grasshopper EPV that has been grown in vitro and been shown to produce virus that is both infectious and virulent to M. sanguinipes. Horizontal transmission of grasshopper EPVs is apparently by consumption of infected cadavers. Field evaluations of MsEPV at an application rate of 1 × 1010 occlusion bodies per hectare resulted in a 23% prevalence after 13 days despite a considerable amount of dispersal of grasshoppers between plots. Epizootiological studies of EPVs will continue to be an area requiring additional research. Virus production and a limited host range are the two most critical issues affecting the development of EPVs as microbial control agents.

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Phytotoxicity of Flumetsulam on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040306 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Carroll Johnson ◽

Benjamin G. Mullinix

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Studies ◽

Application Rate ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Time Of Application

Field studies were conducted at Tifton, GA to quantify phytotoxicity of flumetsulam on peanut as influenced by application rate and timing in a weed free experiment. Flumetsulam PPI at rates up to 0.14 kg ai/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced canopy width, but injury from PPI flumetsulam at 0.07 kg/ha or less was no worse than a standard early postemergence (EPOST) treatment of bentazon (0.6 kg ai/ha) plus paraquat (0.14 kg ai/ha). Flumetsulam EPOST at rates up to 0.07 kg/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced peanut canopy width. Flumetsulam injury at rates of 0.035 kg/ha EPOST was similar to that caused by bentazon plus paraquat. Interactive effects of PPI and EPOST flumetsulam reduced early and mid-season pod and foliage biomass more than either application alone. However, peanut recovered with final yields not affected by flumetsulam, regardless of rate or time of application.

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Leaf area, spray volumes and applicable quantities of fungicide during the protection period for control of Asian soybean rust

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/0100-5405/174517 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 326-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amanda Chechi ◽

Walter Boller ◽

Carlos Alberto Forcelini ◽

Rafael Roehrig ◽

Elias Zuchelli

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Application Rate ◽

Rainfall Simulation ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Area Index ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Asian Soybean Rust ◽

Spray Volume ◽

Protection Period

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to check the influence of leaf area index, spray volumes and applicable quantities of fungicide during the protection period, and for control of Asian soybean rust. All tests were conducted in the field and in the laboratory between 2014 and 2016. The quantity of fungicide and the spray volume were varied in the application of fungicides on soybean plants with different leaf area index. Rainfall simulation tests were also carried out at different times after application of fungicide. The spray volume and application rate of fungicide should be adequately proportioned according to the leaf area index of the soybean cultivar. The closer to the time of application that the rain occurs, the lower the control obtained by applying the fungicide. The leaf area index, the fungicide application rates, and the spray volumes influenced the protection period of fungicides and the control of Asian soybean rust.

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Growth, yield, and quality responses of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) to nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing of its application

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1781 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Behailu Mekonnen ◽

Weyessa Garedew

Keyword(s):

Curcuma Longa ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Application Rate ◽

Split Application ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Southwestern Ethiopia ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate ◽

N Rates

Soil fertility decline is one of the factors that result in low productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae Lindl.,) in Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N rate and time of application on growth, yield, and quality of turmeric crops in Ethiopia. The trial consisted of five N rates: 0, 46, 69, 92, 115 kg ha−1, and five split application times: full dose at emergence, two times (1/2), three times (1/3), four times (1/4), and five times (1/5) equally split applications, arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Plant heights, tiller number per plant, pseudo-stem girth, mother and finger rhizome numbers and weights, fresh rhizome yield, oleoresin and essential oil contents – all were significantly affected by the interaction effects of N rate and time of application. The three times split application of 115 kg N ha−1 produced higher values of these crop characteristics. This application rate also produced a better yield and quality than did two times of application, the most commonly used practice. Therefore, turmeric producers in southwestern Ethiopia should apply 115 kg N ha−1 in three equally split applications to improve turmeric yield and quality.

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