scholarly journals Dynamic of lipid droplets and gene expression in response to β-aminoisobutyric acid treatment on 3T3-L1 cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Colitti ◽  
Federico Boschi ◽  
Tommaso Montanari
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Aminoisobutyric Acid ◽  
Beneficial Impact

Research on adipobiology has recognized the browning process of white adipocytes as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and related morbidities. Physical exercise stimulates the secretion of myokines, such as b-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), which in turn promotes adaptive thermogenesis. White adipocyte conversion to brown cells involves dynamic changes in lipid droplet (LD) dimension and in the transcription of brown-specific marker genes. This study analyzes the effect of different doses of BAIBA and at different days of development on 3T3-L1 cells by evaluating morphological changes in LDs and the expression of browning gene markers. Results suggested that the highest concentration of BAIBA after 4 days of differentiation produced the most significant effects. The number of LDs per cell increased in comparison to control cells, whereas the surface area significantly decreased. Brown adipocyte markers were up-regulated, but the effect of treatment was lost at 10 days of differentiation. The thermogenic program induced by BAIBA may reflect a rapid adaptation of adipose tissue to physical exercise. This connection stresses the beneficial impact of physical exercise on metabolic health. The thermogenic program induced by BAIBA may reflect a rapid adaptation of adipose tissue to physical exercise. This connection stresses the beneficial impact of physical exercise on metabolic health.

Abstract 339: Impaired Periaortic Adipocyte Differentiation in Angiotensin AT1 Receptor-Deficient Mice: Possible Role in Proinflammatory Phenotypic Modulation of Perivascular Adipose Tissue

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Irie ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
Taku Kato ◽  
Hiroyuki Kawahito ◽  
Kouji Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
At1 Receptor ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Differentiation Marker

[BACKGROUND] The angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) is closely implicated in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Recently, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis; however, the effects of AT1 on PVAT properties and their functional relevance in atherogenesis remain undefined. [METHOD AND RESULT] We examined the fat depot-specific difference of adipose tissue among epididymal WAT, PVAT surrounding thoracic aorta, and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) in 8-week-old apoE deficient (apoE-/-) mice. The expression levels of brown adipocyte marker genes (UCP-1, PGC-1α, Elovl3, PPARα, and Cidea) were significantly higher in BAT and PVAT compared with WAT (P<0.01). White adipocyte marker genes (Igfbp3, DPT, Tcf21, and Hoxc9), which were hardly expressed in BAT, showed a moderate expression levels in PVAT, suggesting that PVAT has a strikingly different phenotype from the classical WAT and BAT. We next examined the properties of PVAT in 8-week-old apoE-/-/AT1 receptor deficient (Agtr1-/-) mice. After 4 weeks of western diet, the expression levels of adipocyte differentiation maker genes (PPARγ, FABP4, c/EBPα) were markedly increased in apoE -/- PVAT (P<0.05), which was completely diminished in apoE-/-/Agtr1 -/- PVAT (P<0.01). To investigate the effect of AT1 on the periaortic adipocyte differentiation, we performed primary culture of preadipocyte from stromal vascular fraction in Agtr1 -/- and Agtr1+/+ PVAT. The mRNA expressions of adipocyte differentiation marker genes (PPARγ, FABP4, and c/EBPα) were time-dependently increased in Agtr1+/+ adipocyte. In contrast, FABP4 and c/EBPα mRNA expressions were markedly inhibited in Agtr1 -/- adipocyte, whereas PPARγ did not differ between the two groups during differentiation, suggesting that AT1 is essentially implicated in the terminal differentiation of periaortic adipocyte. [CONCLUSION] Our findings demonstrate that AT1 regulates the expression levels of late stage of adipocyte-differentiation marker genes in PVAT, suggesting that AT1-mediated modulation of periaortic adipocyte differentiation could be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Characterization of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a heterothermic mammal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Oiwa ◽  
Kaori Oka ◽  
Hironobu Yasui ◽  
Kei Higashikawa ◽  
Hidemasa Bono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Naked Mole Rat

Abstract The naked mole-rat (NMR) is a heterothermic mammal that forms eusocial colonies consisting of one reproductive female (queen), several reproductive males, and subordinates. Despite their heterothermy, NMRs possess brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generally induces thermogenesis in cold and some non-cold environments. Previous studies suggest that NMR-BAT induces thermogenesis by cold exposure. However, detailed NMR-BAT characteristics and whether NMR-BAT thermogenesis occurs in non-cold environments are unknown. Here, we show beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3)-dependent thermogenic potential of NMR-BAT, which contributes to thermogenesis in the isolated queen in non-cold environments (30 °C). NMR-BAT expressed several brown adipocyte marker genes and showed noradrenaline-dependent thermogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Although our ADRB3 inhibition experiments revealed that NMR-BAT thermogenesis slightly delays the decrease in body temperature in a cold environment (20 °C), it was insufficient to prevent the decrease in the body temperatures. Even at 30 °C, NMRs are known to prevent the decrease of and maintain their body temperature by heat-sharing behaviors within the colony. However, isolated NMRs maintained their body temperature at the same level as when they are in the colony. Interestingly, we found that queens, but not subordinates, induce BAT thermogenesis in this condition. Our research provides novel insights into NMR thermoregulation.

Pref-1 in brown adipose tissue: specific involvement in brown adipocyte differentiation and regulatory role of C/EBPδ

2012 ◽  
Vol 443 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Armengol ◽  
Josep A. Villena ◽  
Elayne Hondares ◽  
María C. Carmona ◽  
Hei Sook Sul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Factor C

Pref-1 (pre-adipocyte factor-1) is known to play a central role in regulating white adipocyte differentiation, but the role of Pref-1 in BAT (brown adipose tissue) has not been analysed. In the present study we found that Pref-1 expression is high in fetal BAT and declines progressively after birth. However, Pref-1-null mice showed unaltered fetal development of BAT, but exhibited signs of over-activation of BAT thermogenesis in the post-natal period. In C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) α-null mice, a rodent model of impaired fetal BAT differentiation, Pref-1 was dramatically overexpressed, in association with reduced expression of the Ucp1 (uncoupling protein 1) gene, a BAT-specific marker of thermogenic differentiation. In brown adipocyte cell culture models, Pref-1 was mostly expressed in pre-adipocytes and declined with brown adipocyte differentiation. The transcription factor C/EBPδ activated the Pref-1 gene transcription in brown adipocytes, through binding to the proximal promoter region. Accordingly, siRNA (small interfering RNA)-induced C/EBPδ knockdown led to reduced Pref-1 gene expression. This effect is consistent with the observed overexpression of C/EBPδ in C/EBPα-null BAT and high expression of C/EBPδ in brown pre-adipocytes. Dexamethasone treatment of brown pre-adipocytes suppressed Pref-1 down-regulation occurring throughout the brown adipocyte differentiation process, increased the expression of C/EBPδ and strongly impaired expression of the thermogenic markers UCP1 and PGC-1α [PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) co-activator-α]. However, it did not alter normal fat accumulation or expression of non-BAT-specific genes. Collectively, these results specifically implicate Pref-1 in controlling the thermogenic gene expression program in BAT, and identify C/EBPδ as a novel transcriptional regulator of Pref-1 gene expression that may be related to the specific role of glucocorticoids in BAT differentiation.

227 MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL ISOLATION AND CULTURE FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE OF A DEAD DOG

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
S. Saini ◽  
V. Sharma ◽  
H. N. Malik ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
D. Malakar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Fetal Bovine Serum ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fetal Bovine

Isolation of cells or stem cells from clinically dead animals may serve applications such as revival of the animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or cryopreservation of their cells for a long period so that cells can be used in the future. Thus, combining isolation of cells from clinically dead animals and SCNT of germplasm of elite animals could benefit research into endangered or extinct species. In the present study, we tried to isolate and culture adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) from a clinically dead dog. Adipose tissues were collected surgically from the abdomen of a dead dog after 3 h and processed tissues within 10 h of death. The isolated tissues were washed in 70% ethanol for 30 s and washed 5 times in Dulbecco’s PBS supplemented with 50 µg mL–1 gentamicin. These fat tissues were minced to very small pieces and washed in DMEM by centrifugation at 800 rpm for 3 min. The tissue pellet was subjected to enzymatic digestion (collagenase 1 mg mL–1 of Dulbecco’s PBS) at 37°C in CO2 incubator for 1 h, with intermittent shaking after every 10 min. The digestive enzyme was inactivated by equal volume of DMEM/F-12 supplemented with fetal bovine serum (20%) and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in DMEM/F-12 with 10% fetal bovine serum and cultured at 1 × 106 cells mL–1 in 25-cm2 tissue culture flasks. The medium was changed after every 48 h. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were observed under an inverted microscope after 6 days. These cells were subcultured and a confluent monolayer was obtained. We have already standardized the protocol of MSC culture and characterisation as we are treating wounded and paralysed dogs using these MSC in a pet clinic. Characterisation of MSC was performed with specific surface marker genes of CD44, CD29, and CD166 in PCR and by immunocytochemistry of MSC-specific marker of CD44. Differentiation of these MSC into osteogenesis and chondrogenesis were observed after 3 weeks. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by positive expression of chondrocyte-specific marker genes Aggrecan F-TTGGACTTTGGCAGAATACC and R-CTTCCACCAATGTCGTATCC and Collagen II F-AACCCTGGAACTGACGGAAT and R-CTCACCCGTTTGACCTTTCG primer in PCR. The MSC were cryopreserved after 80% confluency was reached. The monolayer cells were scraped out from the culture flask and pelleted down. The pellet was resuspended in DMEM containing 10% DMSO and 20% fetal bovine serum. The number of cells was determined by trypan blue staining using an automatic cell counter and 105 cells mL–1 were added to a 2-mL cryogenic vial. The cryogenic vials were kept in a cryobox at –80°C for slow cooling. Then these vials were transferred to liquid nitrogen tanks after 12 h for long-term storage. We conclude that ADSC were successfully cultured from adipose tissue of a dog within 10 h of death and further subcultured under in vitro conditions. The cells could be used for SCNT to revive the dead animal and cryopreserve these cells for use in the future.

225 AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS DERIVED FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE IN ANIMAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Malik ◽  
V. Sharma ◽  
S. Saini ◽  
S. Guha ◽  
D. Malakar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Safranin O ◽  
New Applications

The present study was carried out for isolation and culture of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells of goat (gADSC) and dogs (1 dog was suffering from hip dysplasia and another dog from paraplegia) and their characterisation with different markers. Adipose tissue of goat and dog were aseptically isolated and treated with collagenase for 2 h in a CO2 incubator. The enzymatic digested cells were filtered through a 41-µm filter and cells were resuspended in cell culture flask containing medium DMEM/F12, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 50 μg mL–1 gentamycin. In vitro-cultured ADSC were characterised by amplification of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-specific surface marker genes of CD44, CD29, and CD166 in PCR and by immunocytochemistry of MSC-specific marker of CD44. For in vitro chondrogenesis, ADSC at passage 3 were incubated in DMEM/F12 containing 100 nM dexamethasone, 1.25 μg mL–1 BSA, and 10 ng mL–1 BMP-4 ITS (insulin-transferrin-selenium) for 3 wk. Chondrogenic differentiation cells were confirmed by Safranin O staining and positive expression of chondrocyte-specific marker genes Aggrecan: primers F-TTGGACTTTGGCAGAATACC and R-CTTCCACCAATGTCGTATCC, and Collagen II: primers F-AACCCTGGAACTGACGGAAT and R-CTCACCCGTTTGACCTTTCG in PCR. Dog ADSC-derived chondrocytes were aseptically injected at 1 × 106 cells kg–1 of BW into dogs with hip dysplasia and paraplegia. Both dogs recovered well after 1 month of autologous transplantation and were able to move freely. Then, 10 dogs having massive wounds were injected with heterologous undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells at 1 × 106 cells kg–1 of BW and all dogs were cured in an average of 20 days. Then, the paralyzed and fractured dogs were further treated with undifferentiated MSC at 1 × 106 cells kg–1 of BW and most of the dogs were cured properly. These findings may have implications for defining the physiological roles of ADSC in arthritis, some orthopaedic problems, joint regeneration, and neurological disorders and several new applications leading to novel therapeutic opportunities.

scholarly journals The Engrailed-1 Gene Stimulates Brown Adipogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanhai Zhang ◽  
Yibing Weng ◽  
Fangxiong Shi ◽  
Wanzhu Jin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Brown Adipogenesis

As a thermogenic organ, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has received a great attention in treating obesity and related diseases. It has been reported that brown adipocyte was derived from engrailed-1 (EN1) positive central dermomyotome. However, functions of EN1 in brown adipogenesis are largely unknown. Here we demonstrated that EN1 overexpression increased while EN1 knockdown decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of key adipogenic genes including PPARγ2 and C/EBPαand mitochondrial OXPHOS as well as BAT specific marker UCP1. Taken together, our findings clearly indicate that EN1 is a positive regulator of brown adipogenesis.

RANKL induces beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. E866-E877
Author(s):  
Flávia Sayuri Matsuo ◽  
Paulo Henrique Cavalcanti de Araújo ◽  
Ryerson Fonseca Mota ◽  
Ana Júlia Rossoni Carvalho ◽  
Mariana Santos de Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
White Adipocyte

The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a triad of proteins that regulate bone metabolism, and serum OPG is considered a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes; however, the implications of OPG in adipose tissue metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we investigate RANK-RANKL-OPG signaling in white adipose tissue browning. Histological analysis of osteoprotegerin knockout (OPG−/−) mice showed subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) browning, resistance for high-fat diet-induced weight gain, and preserved glucose metabolism compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from sWAT of OPG−/− mice showed multilocular morphology and higher expression of brown adipocyte marker genes compared with those from the WT group. Infusion of RANKL induced browning and elevated respiratory rates in sWAT, along with increased whole body oxygen consumption in mice measured by indirect calorimetry. Subcutaneous WAT-derived SVF and 3T3-L1 cells, but not mature white adipocytes, differentiated into beige adipose tissue in the presence of RANKL. Moreover, SVF cells, even under white adipocyte differentiation, showed multilocular lipid droplet, lower lipid content, and increased expression of beige adipocyte markers with RANKL stimulation. In this study, we show for the first time the contribution of RANKL to increase energy expenditure by inducing beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes.

scholarly journals High Dose of Dietary Nicotinamide Riboside Induces Glucose Intolerance and White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Mice Fed a Mildly Obesogenic Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbiao Shi ◽  
Maria A. Hegeman ◽  
Atanaska Doncheva ◽  
Melissa Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein ◽  
Vincent C. J. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Nicotinamide Riboside ◽  
Obesogenic Diet

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor vitamin. The scarce reports on the adverse effects on metabolic health of supplementation with high-dose NR warrant substantiation. Here, we aimed to examine the physiological responses to high-dose NR supplementation in the context of a mildly obesogenic diet and to substantiate this with molecular data. An 18-week dietary intervention was conducted in male C57BL/6JRccHsd mice, in which a diet with 9000 mg NR per kg diet (high NR) was compared to a diet with NR at the recommended vitamin B3 level (control NR). Both diets were mildly obesogenic (40 en% fat). Metabolic flexibility and glucose tolerance were analyzed and immunoblotting, qRT-PCR and histology of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) were performed. Mice fed with high NR showed a reduced metabolic flexibility, a lower glucose clearance rate and aggravated systemic insulin resistance. This was consistent with molecular and morphological changes in eWAT, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated PPARγ (proliferator-activated receptor γ) repression, downregulated AKT/glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) signaling, an increased number of crown-like structures and macrophages, and an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene markers. In conclusion, high-dose NR induces the onset of WAT dysfunction, which may in part explain the deterioration of metabolic health.

Transplantation of basic fibroblast growth factor-pretreated adipose tissue-derived stromal cells enhances regression of liver fibrosis in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. G157-G167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Kamada ◽  
Yuichi Yoshida ◽  
Yukiko Saji ◽  
Juichi Fukushima ◽  
Shinji Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽  
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Mice Liver

Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC) potentially differentiate into various cell types similar to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). Unlike BMSC, ADSC can be harvested easily and repeatedly. However, the advantages of ADSC for cell transplantation in liver disease remain unclear. To investigate this, we developed a novel culture system for ADSC, as well as effective methods for transplantation of ADSC into mice liver. ADSC were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissues of male C57BL6/J mice and cultured on plastic dishes with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In the in vivo study, ADSC isolated from green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice were transplanted into carbon tetrachloride-injured C57BL6/J mice liver. bFGF-treated ADSC expressed several liver-specific marker genes and demonstrated liver-related functions such as albumin secretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production, and low-density lipoprotein uptake. Importantly, pretreatment of ADSC with bFGF for 1 wk enhanced the repopulation rate of ADSC in mice liver, attenuated liver fibrosis, and restored normal serum alanine aminotransferase and albumin levels. The results indicate that basic FGF facilitates transdifferentiation of ADSC into hepatic lineage cells in vitro and that transplantation of bFGF-pretreated ADSC reduced hepatic fibrosis in mice. ADSC are a potentially valuable source of cells for transplantation therapy.

An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and “brite” but not white adipocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (8) ◽  
pp. E1053-E1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Gburcik ◽  
William P. Cawthorn ◽  
Jan Nedergaard ◽  
James A. Timmons ◽  
Barbara Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Pparγ Agonist ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

The transcription factor Tbx15 is expressed predominantly in brown adipose tissue and in those white adipose depots that are capable of giving rise to brown-in-white (“brite”/“beige”) adipocytes. Therefore, we have investigated a possible role here of Tbx15 in brown and brite adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Adipocyte precursors were isolated from interscapular and axilliary brown adipose tissues, inguinal white (“brite”) adipose tissue, and epididymal white adipose tissue in 129/Sv mouse pups and differentiated in culture. Differentiation was enhanced by chronic treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone plus the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Using short interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed toward Tbx15 in these primary adipocyte cultures, we decreased Tbx15 expression >90%. This resulted in reduced expression levels of adipogenesis markers (PPARγ, aP2). Importantly, Tbx15 knockdown reduced the expression of brown phenotypic marker genes (PRDM16, PGC-1α, Cox8b/Cox4, UCP1) in brown adipocytes and even more markedly in inguinal white adipocytes. In contrast, Tbx15 knockdown had no effect on white adipocytes originating from a depot that is not brite competent in vivo (epididymal). Therefore, Tbx15 may be essential for the development of the adipogenic and thermogenic programs in adipocytes/adipomyocytes capable of developing brown adipocyte features.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document