Spatial and temporal analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in an area of social vulnerability in Northeast Brazil

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection still represents an important public health problem, because it involves clinical, epidemiological, social, economic and political issues. We analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of the HIV incidence in an area of social inequality in northeast Brazil and its association with socioeconomic indicators. An ecological study was carried out with a focus on all HIV cases reported in Alagoas State, Northeast Brazil from 2007 to 2016 using its 102 municipalities as the units of our analysis. Data from the Brazilian information systems were used. Georeferenced data were analyzed using TerraView 4.2.2 software, QGis 2.18.2 and GeoDa 1.14.0. Time trend analyses were performed by the Joinpoint Regression software and the spatial analyses included the empirical Bayesian model and Moran autocorrelation. Spatial regression was used to determine the influence of space on HIV incidence rate and socioeconomic inequalities. There was an increasing trend of HIV rates, especially in the municipalities of the interior. Significant spatial correlations were observed with the formation of clusters with emphasis on the coast of the state and in tourist regions. Spatial regression explained 46% of the dependent variable. The HIV incidence rate was positively influenced by rate of primary health care units (p=0.00), and negatively by Gini index (p = 0.00) and proportion of heads of household without or low education (p=0.02). We conclude that the relationship found between indicators of better socioeconomic conditions and HIV infection suggests unequal access to the diagnosis of infection. Prevention and control strategies can be established according to each epidemiological reality.

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Awareness about Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Patients with Genital Symptoms

Nepal Journal of Dermatology Venereology & Leprology ◽

10.3126/njdvl.v15i1.18048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

Madhu Gyawalee ◽

BP Paudyal ◽

DB Pokhrel

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

University Teaching ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Stis And Hiv

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major cause of public health problem. In developing countries, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is spreading rapidly, with sexually transmitted infections acting as a cofactor for the spread of HIV. Yet adequate awareness regarding these infections is lacking.Objective: To explore the knowledge and awareness about STIs and HIV infection in patients visiting Dermatology and Venereology Clinic of Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) with genital symptoms.Material and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the department of dermato-venereology, TUTH for a period of one year. Total of 130 consecutive cases were enrolled. After taking consent and assuring confidentiality they were interviewed regarding awareness of STIs and HIV/AIDS.Results: Out of 130 cases, 95% and 98.5% had heard of an STI and HIV/AIDS respectively. Only 43.8% could mention discharge from genitalia as a symptom of STI whereas 38.5% could mention none. Most (91.5%) knew about the sexual mode of transmission of both STIs and HIV. None could mention about mother to child transmission of an STI, whereas 15% knew that an infected mother can transmit HIV to her baby. About 58% were aware that condoms could protect them from acquiring an STI, 63% perceived this as best method of prevention from HIV. When only 26% knew that being faithful to one partner is the best mode of prevention from an STI, 45% mentioned avoiding contact with multiple partners could prevent them from HIV transmission.Conclusions: Awareness programme on STIs as a whole could improve knowledge and awareness on HIV and STIs and hence prevent both.

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Correlations Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Rectal Gonorrhea Incidence in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Implications for Future HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Trials

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 (2) ◽

pp. 214-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Charu Mullick ◽

Jeffrey Murray

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Treatment As Prevention ◽

Published Data ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Quantitative Correlation ◽

Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Prevention Trials ◽

Sex With Men

Abstract Using published data, we found a direct correlation between the incidence of rectal gonorrhea and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in men who have sex with men who were not using oral preexposure prophylaxis. HIV incidence was predicted using rectal gonorrhea incidence as the determinant in regression analysis. The observed correlation suggest that rectal gonorrhea incidence can potentially serve as a predictor of HIV incidence. If confirmed with additional data, a quantitative correlation for incidence of the 2 infections could be useful in active-controlled HIV prevention trials where low HIV incidence is expected. Widespread improvements in treatment as prevention and gonorrhea control can negatively impact the correlation and its utility.

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Application of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BED enzyme immunoassay on dried blood spots in India

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.005249-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 312-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vemu Lakshmi ◽

Talasila Sudha ◽

Rakhi Dandona ◽

Vijay D. Teja ◽

G. Anil Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Dried Blood Spots ◽

Population Based ◽

Annual Incidence ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Blood Spots ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

Dried blood spots (DBSs) on filter paper are being used increasingly in population-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) studies. This study evaluated the application of a BED enzyme immunoassay (EIA) on DBSs to estimate HIV incidence in a population-based study in India. The Calypte HIV-1 BED Incidence EIA was performed on 224 HIV-1-positive DBS samples, after screening 12 617 individuals from a population-based sample in Guntur district in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The number of recently infected HIV cases was identified using this BED assay and was used to estimate the annual HIV incidence rate based on calculations and adjustment formulae suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The updated BED data management software provided by the CDC was used for analyses. Of the 224 HIV-1 antibody-positive DBS samples, 29 (12.95 %) were estimated by the BED HIV-1 assay to have been infected within the past 155 days. After adjusting for age, gender and rural/urban distribution of the population, the annual incidence rate of HIV-1 infection was estimated to be 0.32 % (95 % confidence interval 0.20–0.44 %). This annual incidence was 18.6 % of the HIV prevalence of 1.72 % in this study. Thus, the BED assay revealed a higher incidence of HIV in this study than was expected from the prevalence. Correlation of the BED assay with panel testing and longitudinal incidence data in the Indian population is needed to calibrate it for use in India.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30659-2 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 381-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Beverly Ryan ◽

Edward Connor ◽

Anthony Minnefor ◽

Frank Desposito ◽

James Oleske

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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T Lymphocytes and Their Cytokines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Implications for Associated Neoplasias

Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis ◽

10.1615/critrevoncog.v6.i3-6.50 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (3-6) ◽

pp. 275-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Jassoy ◽

Bruce D. Walker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Free Testosterone Levels in Japanese Men with Well-controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x18666200720000344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 381-386

Author(s):

Yusuke Yoshino ◽

Ichiro Koga ◽

Yoshitaka Wakabayashi ◽

Takatoshi Kitazawa ◽

Yasuo Ota

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Serum Levels ◽

University Hospital ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: The change in the prevalence of hypogonadism with age in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is subject to debate. Objective: To address this issue, we diagnosed hypogonadism based on serum levels of free testosterone (fTST) rather than total testosterone which is thought to be an inaccurate indicator. We also determined the relationship between age and fTST levels and identified risk factors for hypogonadism in men with HIV infection. Method: We retrospectively reviewed fTST levels and associated clinical factors in 71 wellcontrolled HIV-infected men who were treated at Teikyo University Hospital between April 2015 and March 2016 and who had data available on serum fTST levels, measured >6 months after starting antiretroviral therapy. fTST was measured using radioimmunoassay on blood samples collected in the morning. Risk factors for hypogonadism were identified using Welch’s t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: The men had a mean (± standard deviation) age of 47.4 ± 13.6 years, and mean (± standard deviation) serum fTST level of 13.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL. Fifteen (21.1%) men had hypogonadism based on a fTST <8.5 pg/mL. Serum fTST levels significantly decreased with age (−0.216 pg/mL/year). Older age and low hemoglobin levels were identified as risk factors for hypogonadism. Conclusion: The men in the study experienced a more rapid decline in fTST levels with age than men in the general population (−0.161 pg/mL/year). Serum fTST levels in men with HIV infection should be monitored, especially in older men and those with low hemoglobin levels.

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FRI0435 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM AUTOANTIBODIES AND HLA-B27 MOLECULE TESTING IN UYGUR PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 815.3-815

Author(s):

X. Chen ◽

L. Wu ◽

X. Wu ◽

C. N. Luo ◽

Y. M. Shi

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Hla B27 ◽

Clinical Value ◽

Rheumatic Manifestations ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Positive Rate

Background:AIDS is a deadly infectious disease caused by the HIV. When HIV infects a host, it may induce production of autoantibodies due to the structural antigen similarity between viral proteins and selfantigens.The molecular mimicry between HIV protein and self-antigens could cause antibody cross-reactions and lead to development of autoimmune disease.Objectives:To explore the clinical value of serum autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B27) molecular testing in Uygur patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Methods:A total of 727 HIV-infected Uygur patients who visited Kuche Infectious Diseases Hospital during May 2016 to March 2017 were include in this study. The other 390 healthy people were enrolled as controls. Serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and ANA Profile, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody, and HLA-B27 molecule were tested.Results:Among 727 HIV-infected Uygur patients, 317 were males and 410 were females with mean age (35.52±13.44) years old. The mean duration of disease was (6.34±3.05)years. There were 697(95.87%) patients receiving Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with mean duration of treatment (6.34±3.05)years. Rheumatic manifestations were recorded in 238 (32.74%) HIV-infected Uygur patients, mainly with dry mouth and dry eye (15.41%), alopecia (9.90%), arthralgia (8.94%), ect. Compared with the health controls, positive ANA was more common in HIV infected Uygur patients (33.42%vs.17.43%,P< 0.001) with low titers (ANA titer:1:100). HIV-infected Uygur patients had higher positive anti-u1-RNP antibodies positive rate (1.10%), but lower anti-SSA antibodies positive rate (0.14%) and anti-CCP antibodies positive rate (0.28%). Patients with positive ANA in HAART group were significantly less than that in non-treatment group (38.72%vs.50.00%,P=0.049).Only one female patient was HLA-B27 positive (0.14%), which was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (3.08%) (P<0.001). Also, only one patient was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Conclusion:Rheumatic manifestations are common in HIV-infected Uygur patients. Several autoantibodies are positive, but the coincidence of rheumatic diseases is rare. It’s noted that patients with Rheumatic manifestations and low titre positive ANA should be considered as a differential diagnosis of HIV infection.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Cryptococcal infection of the colon in a patient without concurrent human immunodeficiency infection: a case report and literature review

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1007/s10096-021-04268-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alvaro Quincho-Lopez ◽

Noah Kojima ◽

John M. Nesemann ◽

Rogger Verona-Rubio ◽

Dina Carayhua-Perez

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Literature Review ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Cryptococcal Infection ◽

Pulmonary System ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Disseminated Disease ◽

Histopathology Examination

AbstractCryptococcosis is a fungal infection that is rarely reported in patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially when the central nervous system (CNS) or pulmonary system is not involved. We report a case of isolated colonic cryptococcosis without disseminated disease in a 64-year-old immunocompetent woman without HIV infection who presented with chronic diarrhea and no episodes of fever or weight loss. The diagnosis was based on histopathology examination. Furthermore, we performed a literature review showing that few reports have been published so far and in the case of colonic cryptococcal infection, the prognosis is favorable among HIV-uninfected patients.

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