Alimentazione e idratazione artificiale come problema di giustizia

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Colombetti

Il testo affronta gli aspetti bioetici dell’alimentazione e idratazione artificiale. Dopo aver analizzato la distinzione tra alimentazione e nutrizione, l’articolo si sofferma sulla questione dell’artificialità indagando l’appropriatezza del termine. Si mostra inoltre come, in ogni caso, l’artificialità non costituisca in sé, un problema bioetico. Attraverso l’analisi di alcuni documenti ufficiali (parere del CNB, Linee guida della Siaarti) vengono poi affrontati i nodi teorici su cui si centra il dibattito cercando di chiarire se si tratti o no di una terapia, la possibilità che si presenti come un accanimento terapeutico e quali siano i criteri utilizzati per definirlo. Il testo argomenta, inoltre, come la rinuncia all’identificazione di criteri oggettivi per identificare quando si diano situazioni di accanimento terapeutico porti a gravi discriminazioni tra gli esseri umani. In particolare, ci si sofferma sulla condizione di coloro che si trovano in stato vegetativo; sempre attraverso l’analisi dei documenti si mostra come, a partire dallo SV, si stia eliminando proprio il parametro oggettivo della proporzionalità a favore di criteri soggettivi che, progressivamente, aprono ad un abbandono terapeutico ed assistenziale anche di molte persone con patologie neurodegenerative o psicologiche. L’articolo si conclude mostrando come, dietro l’apparente privatezza di alcune decisioni, si celi invece una profonda questione di giustizia messa alla prova proprio dalle situazioni di disabilità più estrema. ---------- The paper examines the bioethical aspects related to artificial nourishment and hydration. As a first step, a clear distinction between nutrition and feeding is presented. Following this distinction, the article analyses the notion of artificiality and evaluates its appropriateness. The enquiry clarifies also that “artificiality” per se does not constitute a bioethical problem. Through the examination of official documents (opinion of Italian National Bioethics Committee, Siaarti guidelines), the paper analyses the theoretical nodes which the debate is focused on; it clarifies whether artificial nourishment and hydration is a therapy or not; it investigates the possibility that it can constitute overtreatment and if so, what criteria should be used in order to define it. The article argues that dispensing with objective criteria for the identification of over-treatment leads to severe discrimination. Particularly, the analysis focuses on vegetative state condition. By reference to the documents it becomes clear that vegetative state condition represents the paradigm through which the abandonment of objective criteria such as that of proportionality in favour of subjective ones is introduced. This opens the way to a therapeutic and care abandonment of patients with psychological and neurodegenerative pathologies. The conclusion makes clear that a relevant question of justice hides behind the apparent privacy of some decisions, which is put to the test precisely by conditions of extreme disability.

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-306
Author(s):  
J. Julian Chisolm

I am glad to have the opportunity to respond to Dr. Metcalf's letter to you concerning erythrocyte protoporphyrin tests. A clear distinction should be made between blood lead measurements and measurements such as erythrocyte protoporphyrin tests. Whole blood lead concentration primarily reflects current and recent absorption of lead, but is not a measure of toxicity, per se. Protoporphyrin is one of the heme metabolites which accumulates when heme synthesis is inhibited by lead and so provides a sensitive index of increasing adverse metabolic effect, as the concentration of lead in the tissues increases.


T oung Pao ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 99 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 500-538
Author(s):  
Hu Xiangyu 胡祥雨

When the Qing court adjudicated illicit sex cases involving imperial clansmen, a clear distinction was made between the nature of the crime and the applicability of punishment. This distinction reveals an imbalance in the way law was normalized in Qing China. Definitions of illicit sexual behavior reflected a relatively uniform standard that applied to different social statuses and ethnicities, while punishment for offenders was often differentiated and proved to be much more closely related to social standing. Thus, in terms of their behavior, imperial clansmen were generally subject to the same legal liability as the rest of the population, but when it came to punishment their status was emphasized, and consequently they often enjoyed special legal privilege.
Lorsque la cour des Qing jugeait des cas de crimes sexuels impliquant des membres du clan impérial, elle faisait clairement la distinction entre la nature du délit et l’application de la peine. Cette distinction révèle un déséquilibre dans le processus de normalisation du droit dans la Chine des Qing. La définition des comportements sexuels illicites reflétait la norme relativement uniforme s’appliquant à différents statuts sociaux et différents groupes ethniques; en revanche les peines infligées aux coupables étaient volontiers différenciées et s’avéraient dépendre beaucoup plus de leur situation sociale. Ainsi, du point de vue de leurs comportements les membres du clan impérial étaient en général tenus pour légalement responsables de la même façon que le reste de la population, alors que lorsqu’il s’agissait de leur appliquer des sanctions on faisait valoir leur statut, si bien qu’ils bénéficiaient souvent de privilèges légaux.



2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hobson

One of the few unambiguously positive outcomes of the George W. Bush years is a greater interest in the practice of democracy promotion. However, the expansion of scholarship in this area has not been matched by an equal expansion in its scope. There continues to be an overwhelming tendency to focus exclusively on empirical case studies and policy prescriptions, usually informed by a set of unstated liberal assumptions. Nothing is necessarily wrong with this per se. The problem stems from the lack of attention directed toward the larger theoretical and conceptual frameworks that inform and shape these practices. Responding to this state of affairs, this article examines the way certain theoretical tendencies and commitments have helped give rise to many problematic aspects of liberal democracy promotion. It is necessary to challenge the restrictive framework that currently dominates. It is argued that to do so entails rethinking, extending, and pluralizing the way democracy itself is conceived.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-775
Author(s):  
Patrick Stokes

AbstractSchechtman’s ‘Person Life View’ (PLV) offers an account of personal identity whereby persons are the unified loci of our practical and ethical judgment. PLV also recognises infants and permanent vegetative state patients as being persons. I argue that the way PLV handles these cases yields an unexpected result: the dead also remain persons, contrary to the widely-accepted ‘Termination Thesis.’ Even more surprisingly, this actually counts in PLV’s favor: in light of our social and ethical practices which treat the dead as moral patients, PLV gives a more plausible account of the status of the dead than its rival theories.


2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-253
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kušić

New Belgrade represents one of the most intensively built and criticized settlements of the socialist Yugoslavia. Its contemporary criticism is shaped, like most of Serbian architectural historiography, by a belief in the clear distinction between selfness and otherness, contemporariness and out-datedness. The question of a contemporary approach is set, within this discourse, as a matter of the ability or will to see clearly the development of the Other, in whose reflection one's own development (through the elimination or acquisition of inner Otherness) can flourish. This paper is dedicated to the exposure of the essential limitation of these distinctions. By pointing to the way that the West and western urbanism were envisioned within three moments of New Belgrade socialist history, this paper tends to point out that these visions are nothing more but parts of a wider Lacanian social fantasy space, i.e. that the realism of their gaze is based on the possibility of a placement within the fantasy space of the current or desired social order.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Bérengère Kolly

The issue of correct practice (i.e., according to Henri Louis Go, practice that reflects the spirit and letter of a pedagogy), concerns every pedagogue, and Maria Montessori certainly took correct practice very seriously from the outset. Indeed, her emphasis on this crucial issue explains some of the strategic choices she made, as well as the ways she promoted her method abroad, and the relationships she maintained with her contemporaries (analyzed here via the early years of the journal Pour l’Ère nouvelle). These all led to accusations of dogmatism or pedagogical orthodoxy that continue to be leveled at the Montessori network today. This article sets out to explore the controversy surrounding the issue of correct practice in the field of pedagogy, taking Montessori as its example. Focusing on the 1920s, it considers the questions raised by attempts to protect a life’s work within a heterogeneous array of philosophical and political practices and positions. It also explores the reticence that some of Montessori’s contemporaries (particularly Decroly and Ferrière) showednot toward her pedagogy per se, but toward the way she conceived of and applied this pedagogy. 


SUAR BETANG ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruly Morganna ◽  
Sakut Anshori

In dealing with the 21st century EFL pedagogy where interculturality and multiculturality are promoted to be the crucial aspects of EFL learning, this study is oriented towards investigating Indonesian EFL teachers’ conceptualization of culture in EFL classroom. The conceptualization in this sense is emphasized on their knowledge construction underlying their teaching principles. This study was conducted qualitatively by engaging three Indonesian EFL teachers selected purposively. The data of this study were garnered from open-ended questionnaires and interview. Regarding the teachers’ conceptualization, this study revealed that culture referred to the way of living becoming the framework of language use since language per se referred to a social semiotic, and the framework of learning going on inter and intra-individually. In EFL learning, culture was viewed from its interculturality. Interculturality was supported although two teachers stayed in native-speakerism specifically for linguistic competence. This study is meaningful since it serves a set of contributive knowledge vis-a-vis culture in EFL learning for EFL teachers and curriculum developers. However, this study is still delimited on cultural conception. Further studies are expected to work on the practice of cultural conception to deal with the 21st century EFL learning in Indonesia.


2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (02) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Abrams

This article discusses how some people are using wood pellets, corn, grass, and other biomass to power their homes and cars with near zero percent emissions. The process that has inspired these people to do it themselves is not burning, per se, but gasification: the decomposition of biomass into gases that can then be burned cleanly. Moreover, these gases can be sent directly into conventional engines much the way natural gas can. When a carbon-y chunk is heated to a high enough temperature, it begins to break down into methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other gases, which will readily combust with oxygen to produce a flame. If the oxygen supply is choked off, one can collect the gas to be burned. The synthesized gas, or syngas, can be burned efficiently and with extremely low emissions.


2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Dickenson

What does it mean to respect autonomy and encourage meaningful consent to treatment in the case of patients who have dementia or are otherwise incompetent? This question has been thrown into sharp relief by the Law Lords' decision in R.v Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust, ex parte L (1998). The effect of the Law Lords' ruling in the Bournewood judgment is to reinforce problematic and serious anomalies in the way we view patients whose competence is in doubt because of their mental disorder. Others, such as relatives and informal carers, are frequently allowed to decide on behalf of adults whose competence is doubtful in a way that English law generally abhors, even for totally incompetent patients in a persistent vegetative state. This raises profound questions about autonomy. And incompetent adults' consent to treatment is not required to be of the same quality as it is for the rest of us: mere absence of resistance will do. This paper will explore the philosophical, jurisprudential and legal implications of this difference. Throughout I will be more concerned with the ramifications of a finding of incapacity than with how such a finding is made (for the latter, see such classic texts as Applebaum & Roth (1982), Grisso & Applebaum (1998) and Bellhouse et al (2001)).


2020 ◽  
pp. 147488512091130
Author(s):  
Andrew Reid

Populism – which positions a ‘true people’ in opposition to a corrupt elite – is often contrasted with liberalism. This article initially outlines the incompatibility between populism and normative theories of political liberalism. It argues that populism is an unreasonable form of politics by liberals’ standards because: it unfairly excludes those who are not deemed to be part of the true ‘people’; and it is objectionably anti-pluralist in the way that it assumes unity amongst the ‘people’. Despite this, it is hard to derive specific duties to contain or challenge populism per se from a liberal perspective, though such a duty might be present for some forms of contemporary right-wing populism that combine populism with illiberal goals. Underpinning this view is a belief that many populist movements articulate grievances that are at least somewhat legitimate. The article concludes by arguing that there might be circumstances where a populist movement could, against this backdrop of injustice, advance the liberal cause. However, this is not because there are ways of dissolving the tension between political liberalism and populism, but because political liberals might be justified in violating the regulatory norms that they believe ought to govern politics in some, exceptional, circumstances.


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