Development of an Instrument to Assess Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Transgender Patients

Context: The unique contexts in which athletic trainers (ATs) work require specific tools in order to understand their attitudes toward diverse patient populations, including sexual and gender minorities. Objective: To develop and validate the Attitudes Toward Transgender Patients (ATTP) instrument for ATs. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Semistructured interviews, paper-based questionnaire, and electronic questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants: Six ATs completed semistructured interviews to develop themes regarding transgender patients. Additionally, 39 students in professional and postprofessional athletic training programs answered questionnaires designed to elicit statements regarding transgender patients. For item reduction, a sample of 3000 ATs were e-mailed (response rate = 17%), and for validation, another sample of 3000 ATs were e-mailed (response rate = 13%). Athletic trainers' e-mail addresses were obtained from the National Athletic Trainers' Association. Data Collection and Analysis: The 3 phases were (1) exploratory interviews, (2) construct validity and item reduction, and (3) criterion validity. Items were created based on interviews and questionnaires. Principal axis factoring was used for item reduction, and Pearson correlations were used for validation. Results: Thirty-six statements pertaining to transgender patients were developed from the interview and questionnaire data. After item reduction, 10 items remained to form the ATTP (α = .834). For validation, the ATTP and Transphobia Scale were significantly correlated (r = .723; P < .001). Conclusions: The ability to assess attitudes toward transgender patients will allow clinicians to identify needed areas of focus for training and education. The ATTP assesses affective and cognitive attitudes and behavioral intentions toward transgender patients in common clinical settings.

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Experiences With Workplace Bullying Among Athletic Trainers in the Collegiate Setting

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.16 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 696-705 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Celest Weuve ◽

William A. Pitney ◽

Malissa Martin ◽

Stephanie M. Mazerolle

Keyword(s):

Athletic Training ◽

Workplace Bullying ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Training Environment ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Academic Degree ◽

Work Settings ◽

National Athletic Trainers Association

Context: Workplace bullying (WPB) is a series of persistent negative interactions that affect a clinician's ability to perform his or her role. Although WPB has been studied in other health professions, to date, no information exists pertaining to WPB in athletic training. Objective: To determine the prevalence of WPB in the collegiate setting and examine factors that influence its occurrence. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Collegiate setting. Patients or Other Participants: There were 723 (329 female, 394 male) athletic trainers (ATs) aged 37.5 ± 10.4 years. Main Outcome Measure(s): We collected data via the validated and reliable online Athletic Training Environment Survey. Descriptive statistics were obtained to determine a bullying score for each AT and examine the prevalence of WPB. Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the differences between (1) sex, (2) academic degree level, (3) employment title, and (4) National Athletic Trainers' Association district. Results: A total of 106 participants (14.7%) had a score of 2 or higher, indicating they were bullied in the athletic training setting. Of those bullied, 47 (44.3%) were women and 59 (55.7%) were men. There was no difference between women and men with respect to having experienced bullying (χ21 = 0.068, P = .794). Moreover, no difference existed in the prevalence of bullying among ATs holding various degrees (χ23 = 6.73, P = .081) or among ATs holding various titles within an organization (χ25 = 3.55, P = .616). More (χ21 = 23.77, P = < .001) perpetrators were male (74.2%, n = 75) than female (25.8%, n = 26); of these, 38.2% (n = 39) were coaches, 17.6% (n = 18) were supervisory ATs, and 8.8% (n = 9) were coworker ATs. Conclusions: Bullying was experienced by both male and female ATs in the collegiate setting, and a higher number of bullies were male. More research is necessary to explore WPB in other work settings.

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Athletic Training Services in Public Secondary Schools: A Benchmark Study

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.03 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 156-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Riana R. Pryor ◽

Douglas J. Casa ◽

Lesley W. Vandermark ◽

Rebecca L. Stearns ◽

Sarah M. Attanasio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Schools ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Small Sample ◽

Full Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

National Athletic Trainers Association

Context: Authors of the most recent study of athletic training (AT) services have suggested that only 42% of secondary schools have access to athletic trainers. However, this study was limited by a small sample size and was conducted more than 10 years ago. Objective: To determine current AT services in public secondary schools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Public secondary schools in the United States. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 8509 (57%) of 14 951 secondary schools from all 50 states and Washington, DC, responded to the survey. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data on AT services were collected for individual states, National Athletic Trainers' Association districts, and the nation. Results: Of the 8509 schools that responded, 70% (n = 5930) had AT services, including full-time (n = 3145, 37%), part-time (n = 2619, 31%), and per diem (n = 199, 2%) AT services, and 27% (n = 2299) had AT services from a hospital or physical therapy clinic. A total of 4075 of 8509 schools (48%) provided coverage at all sports practices. Eighty-six percent (2 394 284/2 787 595) of athletes had access to AT services. Conclusions: Since the last national survey, access to AT services increased such that 70% of respondent public secondary schools provided athletic trainers at sports games or practices. Approximately one-third of all public secondary schools had full-time athletic trainers. This number must increase further to provide appropriate medical coverage at athletic practices and games for secondary school athletes.

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Certified Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Common Disinfectants

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.4.415 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 415-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leamor Kahanov ◽

Elizabeth J. Gilmore ◽

Lindsey E. Eberman ◽

Jeffrey Roberts ◽

Tamar Semerjian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Infection Control ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Certified Athletic Trainers ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

National Athletic Trainers Association

Context: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are increasingly common in athletic settings. The MRSA knowledge and infection-control practices of certified athletic trainers (ATs) and the cleanliness of the athletic training room are important factors in preventing MRSA infections. Objective: To assess knowledge of MRSA and the use of common disinfectants among ATs and to explore their infection-control practices. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: High school and collegiate athletic training rooms. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 163 ATs from National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III and high schools, representing all 10 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts. Main Outcome Measure(s): Frequencies, analyses of variance, and χ2 tests were used to assess current practices and opinions and relationships between factors. Results: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was perceived as a national problem by 92% of respondents; 57% perceived MRSA as a problem in their practice setting. Most respondents had treated general infections (88%), staphylococcal infections (75%), and MRSA infections (57%). Male sex was associated with treating all 3 types of infections (χ2 test, P < .05). Noncurriculum education was associated with a lack of recognition of environmental issues as risk factors and with the use of isopropyl alcohol for disinfection (χ2 test, P < .05). For example, 10% of respondents did not recognize that contaminated whirlpools can be a source of MRSA infection. Respondents also incorrectly identified effective cleaning solutions. Thirty percent of respondents cleaned their hands frequently or sometimes before treating each athlete and 35% cleaned their hands sometimes, occasionally, or never after seeing each athlete. Conclusions: The majority of ATs were informed about MRSA and made correct disinfection choices. However, improvements are still needed, and not all ATs were using proper disinfection practices.

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Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Hani school children in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025441 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. e025441 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hui Zhu ◽

Chenwei Pan ◽

Qigang Sun ◽

Dan Huang ◽

Zhujun Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Southwest China ◽

Response Rate ◽

Anterior Segment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intermittent Exotropia ◽

Chinese Han ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

And Gender

PurposeTo determine the prevalence rate of amblyopia and strabismus in Chinese Hani ethnic school-aged children.MethodsAll grade 1 and grade 7 students in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, located in southwest China, were invited for comprehensive eye examinations performed by experienced ophthalmologists and optometrists, including visual acuity, ocular alignment and movements, cycloplegic autorefraction, anterior segment and fundus examinations. Standard definitions of amblyopia and strabismus were applied to calculate their prevalence rate.ResultsA total of 1656 (91.0% response rate) grade 1 Hani students and 1394 (92.8% response rate) grade 7 Hani students participated in the study. Amblyopia was present in 25 Hani students (0.82%, 95% CI 0.55% to 1.20%), with no significant differences in grade (p=0.42) and gender (p=0.69). Among these 25 amblyopic children, 17 had unilateral amblyopia and eight had bilateral amblyopia, including 16 anisometropic, eight binocular refractive and one strabismic. Strabismus was found in 59 Hani students (1.93%, 95% CI 1.50% to 2.48%), including 47 with intermittent exotropia, six with constant exotropia, five with constant esotropia and one with unilateral superior oblique palsy. The prevalence rate of strabismus was higher in grade 7 students than grade 1 students with borderline significance (2.44%vs1.50%, p=0.07), but was similar by gender (2.16% in boys vs 1.68% in girls, p=0.36).ConclusionThe prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Chinese Hani school children are both lower than that previously reported for Chinese Han children in China and for many other racial/ethnic populations from non-China studies. Refractive error is the major cause for amblyopia and intermittent exotropia is the primary strabismus type.

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Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.69 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kristine A. Ensign ◽

Athena Yiamouyiannis ◽

Kristi M. White ◽

B. David Ridpath

Keyword(s):

Family Member ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Student Athletes ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

And Bisexual

Abstract Context: Researchers have investigated heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals, focusing on factors such as sex, race, religion, education, and contact experiences. However, in the context of sport, this research is deficient. We found no published literature investigating athletic trainers (ATs') attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual student-athletes (LGB). Objective: To determine heterosexual ATs' attitudes toward LGB student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: E-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 964 ATs employed at member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (ATLGB) Scale. To determine the extent to which sex, religion, and whether having an LGB friend or family member had an effect on ATs' attitudes, we performed analysis of variance. To establish the effect of age on ATs' attitudes, we calculated a Pearson correlation. We used an independent t test to identify differences between ATs who reported working with LGB student-athletes and ATs who did not. Results: With ATLGB score as the dependent factor, a main effect was noted for sex, religion, and having an LGB friend or family member (P < .01 for all comparisons). Age and total score were related (P < .01). A difference was seen in the ATLGB scores between ATs who were aware of LGB student-athletes on their teams and ATs who were not (P < .001). Conclusions: Many ATs hold positive attitudes toward LGB student-athletes, especially females, those who have an LGB friend or family member, and those who are aware of LGB student-athletes. Still, it is important to provide an open environment in the athletic training room for all student-athletes.

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The Level of Medical Services and Secondary School-Aged Athletes

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-47.1.91 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 91-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Terry L. DeWitt ◽

Scott A. Unruh ◽

Srivatsa Seshadri

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Secondary Schools ◽

American Academy ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Medical Services ◽

Athletic Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics

Context: Medical organizations have recommended that administrators, parents, and community leaders explore every opportunity to make interscholastic athletic programs safe for participation, including employing athletic trainers at practices and competitive events. Objective: To determine the overall level of medical services provided for secondary school-aged athletes at high school athletic events in a rural southern state, to evaluate the employment of athletic trainers in the provision of medical services in secondary schools, and to compare athletic training medical services provided at athletic events among schools of various sizes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Questionnaires were sent to administrators at 199 secondary schools. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 144 administrators, including interscholastic athletic directors and school principals, from 199 secondary schools participated (72% response rate). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed the Self-Appraisal Checklist for Health Supervision in Scholastic Athletic Programs from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to measure differences in groups. Results: We found differences in cumulative scores when measuring between institutional classifications (P≤.05). Cumulative scores for the Event Coverage section of the instrument ranged from 80.5 to 109.6 out of a total possible score of 126. We also found differences in several factors identified in the Event Coverage section (P≤.05). Conclusions: The number of coaching staff certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation or first aid was minimal. Most schools did not have a plan for providing minimal emergency equipment, ice, or water for visiting teams. We found that 88% (n = 7) of the 8 essential Event Coverage components that the American Academy of Pediatrics deems important were not addressed by schools represented in our study.

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Perspectives on Parenthood and Working of Female Athletic Trainers in the Secondary School and Collegiate Settings

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.459 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 459-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Leamor Kahanov ◽

Alice R. Loebsack ◽

Matthew A. Masucci ◽

Jeff Roberts

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Online Survey ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

School Setting ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Work And Family ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Employment Setting ◽

National Athletic Trainers Association ◽

Original Survey

Abstract Context: Female athletic trainers (ATs) are currently underrepresented in the collegiate setting. Parenting and family obligations may play a role in this underrepresentation. Objective: To examine female ATs' perspectives on parenting and working in the secondary school and collegiate employment settings. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 1000 nonstudent, female certified ATs who were currently members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association. Main Outcome Measure(s): An original survey was developed to assess perceptions related to motherhood and work responsibilities. Descriptive statistics were used to assess age, years of experience as a certified AT, employment position, and parent or nonparent status. A correlation matrix was conducted to determine factors among parent and nonparent status, perceptions of motherhood, and employment-setting decisions. Results: Of the 1000 surveys sent via e-mail, 411 (41.1%) female ATs responded. Responses indicated that a majority of the female ATs worked in the secondary school setting. Sixty-one percent of the respondents did not have children. Past female ATs' experiences indicated a perception that motherhood created more challenges or struggles (or both) in the work and family settings. Whether parents considered children a factor in employment-setting changes produced conflicting results: no significant correlations or differences were found among responses. Conclusions: Parenting considerations had influences on both the home and employment settings. Although parents and nonparents had different views on the implications of parenting in the workplace, both groups agreed that parenting could affect the work environment and the choice to change employment settings and careers. Administrative decisions need to be considered in relation to parenting concerns. Mentoring that includes employment-setting choices relative to life goals should be provided to ATs, regardless of sex.

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Use of Evidence-Based Practice Among Athletic Training Educators, Clinicians, and Students, Part 1: Perceived Importance, Knowledge, and Confidence

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.16 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 394-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Dorice A. Hankemeier ◽

Jessica M. Walter ◽

Cailee W. McCarty ◽

Eric J. Newton ◽

Stacy E. Walker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Athletic Training ◽

Online Survey ◽

Evidence Based Practice ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Master's Degrees ◽

Athletic Training Educators ◽

Perceived Importance

Context: Although evidence-based practice (EBP) has become more prevalent, athletic trainers' perceptions of importance and knowledge of these concepts and their confidence in EBP are largely unknown. Objective: To assess perceived importance and knowledge of and confidence in EBP concepts in athletic trainers in various roles and with different degree levels. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey instrument. Patients or Other Participants: The survey was sent to 6702 athletic training educators, clinicians, and postprofessional students. A total of 1209 completed the survey, for a response rate of 18.04%. Main Outcome Measure(s): Demographic information and perceived importance and knowledge of and confidence in the steps of EBP were obtained. One-way analysis of variance, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and an independent-samples t test were used to determine differences in scores among the demographic variables. Results: Athletic trainers demonstrated low knowledge scores (64.2% ± 1.29%) and mild to moderate confidence (2.71 ± 0.55 out of 4.0). They valued EBP as moderately to extremely important (3.49 ± 0.41 out of 4.0). Perceived importance scores differed among roles (clinicians unaffiliated with an education program scored lower than postprofessional educators, P = .001) and highest educational degree attained (athletic trainers with terminal degrees scored higher than those with bachelor's or master's degrees, P < .001). Postprofessional athletic training students demonstrated the highest total EBP knowledge scores (4.65 ± 0.91), whereas clinicians demonstrated the lowest scores (3.62 ± 1.35). Individuals with terminal degrees had higher (P < .001) total knowledge scores (4.31 ± 1.24) than those with bachelor's (3.78 ± 1.2) or master's degrees (3.76 ± 1.35). Postprofessional educators demonstrated greater confidence in knowledge scores (3.36 ± 0.40 out of 4.0) than did those in all other athletic training roles (P < .001). Conclusions: Overall knowledge of the basic EBP steps remained low across the various athletic trainers' roles. The higher level of importance indicated that athletic trainers valued EBP, but this value was not reflected in the knowledge of EBP concepts. Individuals with a terminal degree possessed higher knowledge scores than those with other educational preparations; however, EBP knowledge needs to increase across all demographics of the profession.

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Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10314-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alex Müller ◽

◽

Kristen Daskilewicz ◽

Mc Lean Kabwe ◽

Anna Mmolai-Chalmers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sexual And Gender Minorities ◽

African Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Gender Minorities ◽

And Gender ◽

Living With Hiv

Abstract Objective The objective of this research was to assess physical and sexual violence experienced by sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries, and to examine factors associated with violence. Methods We conducted an exploratory multi-country cross-sectional study among self-identifying sexual and gender minorities, using a survey tool available in paper and online. Participants were sampled through venue-based and web-based convenience sampling. We analysed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, with Stata15. Findings Of 3798 participants, 23% were gender minorities, 20% were living with HIV, and 18% had been coerced into marriage. Fifty-six per cent of all participants had experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, and 29% in the past year. Gender minorities had experienced significantly higher levels of violence compared to cisgender (sexual minority) participants. The variable most strongly associated with having experienced violence was being coerced into marriage (AOR, 3.02), followed by people living nearby knowing about one’s sexual orientation and/or gender identity (AOR, 1.90) and living with HIV (AOR, 1.47). Conclusion Sexual and gender minorities in Eastern and Southern Africa experience high levels of violence. Sexual orientation and gender identity need to be recognised as risk factors for violence in national and regional law and policy frameworks. States should follow the African Commission Resolution 275 and provide protection against violence based on real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.

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Experiences and Attitudes of Collegiate Athletic Trainers Regarding Alcohol-Related Unintentional Injury in Athletes

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-48.6.02 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 83-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

James W. Brenner ◽

Stacie M. Metz ◽

Jack Entriken ◽

Christina J. Brenner

Keyword(s):

Athletic Trainers ◽

Unintentional Injury ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Collegiate Athlete ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

National Athletic Trainers Association ◽

Collegiate Athletic Trainers

Context: Alcohol-related unintentional injury (ARUI) has been an unexamined consequence of alcohol consumption by collegiate athletes. It has a potentially devastating effect on their athletic performances and careers. Awareness of this problem in athletes could have a huge effect on what athletic trainers (ATs) do to recognize, treat, and prevent it in a collegiate athlete population. Objective: To examine the experiences and attitudes among collegiate and university ATs about ARUI in the athletes in their care. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 1767 e-mail addresses for collegiate and university ATs within National Athletic Trainers' Association Districts 1, 2, 3, and 9. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated frequencies, percentages, and attitudes of ATs regarding ARUI in collegiate athletes during the 2010–2011 academic year. Results: The resulting sample size for the analysis was 459 (26.0%) participants of the initial total sample. More than 56% (n = 260) of the ATs reported that they had evaluated, treated, or referred if needed at least 1 ARUI in a collegiate athlete. On average, these ATs had evaluated, treated, or referred if needed 3 alcohol-related unintentional injuries within the 2010–2011academic year. About 73% (n = 331) of ATs agreed that ARUI is a serious problem. Nearly 80% (n = 358) indicated they believe ATs should receive more training to identify student–athletes with alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: Alcohol-related unintentional injury is a common and serious consequence of alcohol use among collegiate athletes. Many ATs also view it as a serious problem yet would like more training in how to address it. Alcohol-related unintentional injury may have important negative effects on the careers and athletic performances of athletes. Researchers need to determine how prevalent ARUI is in the collegiate athlete population and what ATs can do to address it.

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