scholarly journals Exploring Predictors of Moral Disengagement in Collegiate Athletic Trainers

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Ross Budziszewski ◽  
Scott A. Graupensperger ◽  
Matthew Vierimaa
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Cluster Solution ◽  
Cross Sectional

Context Considering recent high-profile reports of malpractice and negligence by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic trainers (ATs), it is prudent to investigate the psychological mechanisms that may influence ATs' ability to justify unethical behaviors. When treating injured student-athletes, ATs may undergo a cognitive process known as moral disengagement, which involves convincing oneself that ethical standards do not apply in a particular context. Objective To explore the psychological factors and traits among ATs that may predict moral disengagement pertaining to allowing athletes to play through injuries. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 187 Division I, II, and III ATs from 100 NCAA universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) In addition to the primary outcome variable of moral disengagement, the survey captured the AT's demographic background, sport and athletic training histories, and measures of sport ethic, contesting orientations, commitment, and social identity. Results Cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous subgroups of participants based on these variables. A 2-cluster solution emerged, with cluster 1 (n = 94) scoring higher in the sport-ethic and sport-contesting orientations but lower in commitment and social identity compared with cluster 2 (n = 93). An independent-samples t test revealed that moral disengagement was highest (t185 = 19.59, P < .001, d = 0.69) among ATs in cluster 1. Conclusions These findings advance our understanding of the psychological processes that may predict moral disengagement of ATs in allowing student-athletes to play through injury. Although additional research is needed to test whether moral disengagement influences return-to-play decisions, we provide initial evidence that ATs who conform to sport norms (eg, “no pain, no gain”) and who tend to view sport competition with a “war-like” orientation are more likely to morally disengage.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine A. Ensign ◽  
Athena Yiamouyiannis ◽  
Kristi M. White ◽  
B. David Ridpath
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
And Bisexual

Abstract Context: Researchers have investigated heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals, focusing on factors such as sex, race, religion, education, and contact experiences. However, in the context of sport, this research is deficient. We found no published literature investigating athletic trainers (ATs') attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual student-athletes (LGB). Objective: To determine heterosexual ATs' attitudes toward LGB student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: E-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 964 ATs employed at member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (ATLGB) Scale. To determine the extent to which sex, religion, and whether having an LGB friend or family member had an effect on ATs' attitudes, we performed analysis of variance. To establish the effect of age on ATs' attitudes, we calculated a Pearson correlation. We used an independent t test to identify differences between ATs who reported working with LGB student-athletes and ATs who did not. Results: With ATLGB score as the dependent factor, a main effect was noted for sex, religion, and having an LGB friend or family member (P < .01 for all comparisons). Age and total score were related (P < .01). A difference was seen in the ATLGB scores between ATs who were aware of LGB student-athletes on their teams and ATs who were not (P < .001). Conclusions: Many ATs hold positive attitudes toward LGB student-athletes, especially females, those who have an LGB friend or family member, and those who are aware of LGB student-athletes. Still, it is important to provide an open environment in the athletic training room for all student-athletes.

scholarly journals Athletic Training Services in Japan: A Comparison of the United States and Japan Based on Educational Background

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-314
Author(s):  
Hideyuki “E” Izumi ◽  
Yuri Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Professionals ◽  
Training Services

Context Each country has a unique history in the development of its athletic training professionals and education and credentialing systems. In Japan, the majority of athletic trainers hold a domestic credential (JSPO-AT) obtained from the Japan Sport Association (JSPO) or a US-based credential from the Board of Certification (BOC-AT). Objective To determine whether differences in demographic, professional, and educational characteristics exist between Japanese BOC-ATs and JSPO-ATs who currently practice athletic training services in Japan. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants Eight hundred twenty-nine Japanese athletic trainers in Japan (BOC-AT, n = 64; JSPO-AT, n = 765). Main Outcome Measure(s) Pearson's χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine differences in demographic, professional, and educational characteristics between BOC-ATs and JSPO-ATs. Results The proportion of female respondents was greater for BOC-ATs (29.7%) than for JSPO-ATs (18.7%; χ2 [1] = 4.5, P = .03). A greater proportion of BOC-ATs reported having master's degrees or higher (χ2 [3] = 81.6, P < .01). The percentage of respondents with at least 1 therapist or medical practitioner license in Japan was greater for JSPO-ATs (73.1%) than for BOC-ATs (20.3%; P < .01). The percentage of respondents with at least 1 credential in exercise, nutrition, or teaching was greater for BOC-ATs (62.5%) than for JSPO-ATs (45.2%; P < .01). A large difference was observed in the proportion of individuals who identified as therapists (JSPO-ATs = 29.8%, BOC-ATs = 6.3%; χ2 [5] = 18.9, P < .01). The median income for BOC-ATs was 401–600 million yen (US$36 500–$54 500), whereas the median income for JSPO-ATs was 0–200 million yen (US$0–$18 200). Conclusions BOC-ATs in Japan were more established than JSPO-ATs as athletic training professionals with higher educational backgrounds, while more JSPO-ATs tended to be therapists. Findings from the current study may serve as benchmark data for the athletic training profession and service characteristics in Japan.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Screening Tool Practices Among Athletic Trainers in Secondary School and Collegiate Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Fowler ◽  
Elizabeth Neil ◽  
Cameron Powden
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional

Purpose: Musculoskeletal (MSK) screening tools can allow athletic trainers (AT) to focus prevention efforts by providing patient risk information. The purpose of this study is to examine lower extremity MSK screening tool practices and perceptions of ATs in traditional settings. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to 4,937 full- and part-time collegiate and secondary school ATs randomly selected by the NATA. MSK screening tools were grouped into 7 categories: Range of Motion (ROM), Strength, Balance, Drop and Jump Landing (D/J Land), Double- and Single-Leg Hopping (D/S Hop), Movement Quality (MQual), and Injury History (History). For each screening tool category, questions assessed MSK screening tool usage, the perceived effectiveness of MSK screening tools to provide relevant injury risk and return to play (RTP) information, and MSK screening tools effect on decisions to implement prevention programs. Results: A total of 372 participants (female=215(48.4%), male=152(34.2%), age=35±10 years, experience=12±10 years, secondary school=194(52.2%), collegiate=178(47.8%)) completed the survey. Participants within our study indicated the used of the following screening tools categories in clinical practice: ROM=339(91.1%), Strength=342(91.9%), Balance=238(64.0%), D/J-Landing=134(36.0%), D/S-Hopping=233(62.6%), MQual=212(57.0%), History=316(85.0%), and None=18(4.8%). Conclusions: ATs in traditional settings indicate that they primarily use ROM, Strength, and History screening tools to gather information concerning LE injury risk and RTP. Implementation of screening tools most frequently occurred post-injury. Lastly, it seemed that intervention prescriptions were consistent regardless of screening tool used, suggesting blanket interventions prescription. This may have been do feelings of moderate effectiveness of these tools to determine injury risk.

scholarly journals The Self-Efficacy of Certified Athletic Trainers in Assessing and Managing Sport-Related Concussions

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 983-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Savage ◽  
Tracey Covassin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Self ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers

Context:  Diagnostic and return-to-play assessments of athletes with sport-related concussions (SRCs) have changed dramatically over the past decade. Currently, SRC assessment and management has taken a multifaceted approach, with new SRC measures being developed yearly. However, to date, no researchers have examined certified athletic trainers' (ATs') self-efficacy in assessing and managing a patient with an SRC. Objective:  To examine the self-efficacy of ATs in assessing and managing athletes with SRCs, with a secondary purpose of examining job setting (high school and college). Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Web-based questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants:  A total of 94 ATs (high school setting = 54.3%, n = 51; collegiate setting = 45.7%, n = 43) completed an online survey, for a response rate of 9.2%. Main Outcome Measure(s):  The survey contained 3 primary subsections: demographics, self-efficacy in assessing SRCs, and self-efficacy in managing SRCs. Possible self-efficacy ratings for SRC assessment and management in the survey ranged from 0 to 100. Multivariate analyses of variance were performed to identify differences in the self-efficacy of high school and collegiate ATs in assessing and managing athletes with SRCs. Results:  The self-efficacy of all 94 participants in their assessment of SRCs was 60.34 ± 14.5 and in their management of SRCs was 55.30 ± 14.1. Collegiate ATs reported higher self-efficacy in the assessment of SRCs using balance (P < .001) and the King-Devick test (P = .04), and their responses approached significance for vestibular-ocular motor screening (P = .05). Additionally, their self-efficacy in the management of SRCs was greater using balance (P < .001) and vestibular-ocular therapy (P = .01) compared with high school ATs. Conclusions:  Athletic trainers had moderate self-efficacy regarding their assessment and management of SRCs. Collegiate ATs had higher self-efficacy in newer SRC assessment and management tools than high school ATs.

scholarly journals Use of Evidence-Based Practice Among Athletic Training Educators, Clinicians, and Students, Part 1: Perceived Importance, Knowledge, and Confidence

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorice A. Hankemeier ◽  
Jessica M. Walter ◽  
Cailee W. McCarty ◽  
Eric J. Newton ◽  
Stacy E. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Master's Degrees ◽  
Athletic Training Educators ◽  
Perceived Importance

Context: Although evidence-based practice (EBP) has become more prevalent, athletic trainers' perceptions of importance and knowledge of these concepts and their confidence in EBP are largely unknown. Objective: To assess perceived importance and knowledge of and confidence in EBP concepts in athletic trainers in various roles and with different degree levels. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey instrument. Patients or Other Participants: The survey was sent to 6702 athletic training educators, clinicians, and postprofessional students. A total of 1209 completed the survey, for a response rate of 18.04%. Main Outcome Measure(s): Demographic information and perceived importance and knowledge of and confidence in the steps of EBP were obtained. One-way analysis of variance, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and an independent-samples t test were used to determine differences in scores among the demographic variables. Results: Athletic trainers demonstrated low knowledge scores (64.2% ± 1.29%) and mild to moderate confidence (2.71 ± 0.55 out of 4.0). They valued EBP as moderately to extremely important (3.49 ± 0.41 out of 4.0). Perceived importance scores differed among roles (clinicians unaffiliated with an education program scored lower than postprofessional educators, P = .001) and highest educational degree attained (athletic trainers with terminal degrees scored higher than those with bachelor's or master's degrees, P < .001). Postprofessional athletic training students demonstrated the highest total EBP knowledge scores (4.65 ± 0.91), whereas clinicians demonstrated the lowest scores (3.62 ± 1.35). Individuals with terminal degrees had higher (P < .001) total knowledge scores (4.31 ± 1.24) than those with bachelor's (3.78 ± 1.2) or master's degrees (3.76 ± 1.35). Postprofessional educators demonstrated greater confidence in knowledge scores (3.36 ± 0.40 out of 4.0) than did those in all other athletic training roles (P < .001). Conclusions: Overall knowledge of the basic EBP steps remained low across the various athletic trainers' roles. The higher level of importance indicated that athletic trainers valued EBP, but this value was not reflected in the knowledge of EBP concepts. Individuals with a terminal degree possessed higher knowledge scores than those with other educational preparations; however, EBP knowledge needs to increase across all demographics of the profession.

scholarly journals The Relationships of Age and Years of Experience to Professional Development for Athletic Trainers Employed in the Collegiate Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Christianne M. Eason ◽  
Jessica L. Barrett ◽  
Stephanie H. Clines
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Context Professional identity is a process in which individuals forms a self-concept in the context of their profession, and includes an ability to articulate a professional philosophy. Professional identity relates to many aspects of a profession, including practices, ethics, and the requirements for success. Professional development is a component of professional identity and represents the growth of professionals as they acquire skills and confidence in autonomous practice. Currently, little is known in regard to the role age and years of experience play in the professional development of athletic trainers (ATs). Objective To determine the relationships of age and years of experience to professional development. Design Cross-sectional online survey. Setting Collegiate athletic training clinical setting. Patients or Other Participants Four hundred twenty-three (193 men, 230 women) ATs. Intervention(s) Data were collected via a Web-based survey instrument consisting of demographic and Likert-scale questions relating to professional development. Main Outcome Measure(s) Likert responses were summed, and demographic information was analyzed for frequency and distribution. Pearson correlations were run to evaluate the relationships between variables and linear regression was used to determine if age or years of experience could predict professional development scores. Results A positive relationship exists between professional development scores and both age and years of experience. Both age (R2 = 0.066) and years of experience (R2 = 0.075) were statistically significant predictors of variance in overall professional development scores. Conclusions Although age and years of experiences were both positively correlated with, and predicted variance in, overall professional development scores, the predicted variance of both variables was relatively small. Although we can say that both age and years of experience are prognostic in the professional development of collegiate ATs, their impact is statistically minimal.

scholarly journals Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Preparation for Job-Specific Duties

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Gardiner-Shires ◽  
Scott C. Marley ◽  
John C. Barnes ◽  
Mark E. Shires
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Organization And Administration ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Cross Sectional

Context The extent to which individuals are prepared completely for work in a particular athletic training setting (eg, professional sports, college, high school) is unknown. This issue is critical today, and findings in this area have implications for athletic training education policy and employers. Objective To determine the perceptions of preparation for work-specific tasks by professional baseball athletic trainers (PBATs). We also wanted to determine whether various preparation experiences interact with perceived skills. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey administered via SurveyMonkey. Patients or Other Participants Two hundred seventy-five PBATs. Intervention(s) The PBATs reported their levels of preparation before employment in their positions and their current skills in each of the 8 work task domains: evaluation of elbow injuries; evaluation of shoulder injuries; evaluation of general injuries; acute care; injury prevention; treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning; organization and administration; and non–athletic-training tasks. Main Outcome Measure(s) Nine repeated-measures analyses of covariance were performed with each perception of preparation (retrospective, current) as a within-subject factor. Preparation experiences were included as between-subjects factors, and number of years working in baseball was the covariate. Results Subscale reliabilities were calculated and found to be between 0.79 and 0.97. A total of 180 PBATs (65%) completed the survey. The backgrounds and routes by which PBATs gained employment in the professional baseball setting varied. Individuals who completed professional baseball internships, had previous work experience, and immediately entered the professional baseball setting after graduation had noted differences in their perceptions of preparation for work tasks. The PBATs indicated they were substantially underprepared for tasks in the organization and administration and non–athletic-training task domains. Conclusions The organizational socialization process is complex, and no 1 experience appears to completely prepare an individual for work in the professional baseball setting.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Perception on Treating and Managing Ankle Sprains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revay O. Corbett ◽  
Luzita Vela ◽  
Paul C. Harris ◽  
Susan Saliba ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Context: Ankle sprains common occurrences in athletic and general populations. High volumes of ankle sprains elevate the clinical burden on Athletic Trainers (AT). While there is a position statement from the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) regarding the treatment and management of ankle sprains, there may be factors impacting an AT's ability to effectively implement the recommendations. Objective: To evaluate current understanding, perceptions and difficulties ATs have regarding the treatment, management, and long-term effects of ankle sprains. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey instrument. Patients or Other Participants: Seven hundred and ninety-six ATs across all athletic training job settings (years certified=12.1±9.2 years). Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed a thirty-eight-question survey that recorded demographics, perceptions and knowledge on epidemiology, treatment, and management of ankle sprains. The survey also documented participants' patient education practices, attitudes towards the NATA position statement regarding ankle sprains, along with challenges and pressures against implementation. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and analyses of variance were used to analyze the data and evaluate group differences and relationships. Results: Eighty-three percent of participants demonstrated a moderate understanding of fundamental ankle sprain epidemiology. Group differences were seen between education levels, years certified, and job setting regarding patient education. Overall, 38.1% of ATs were either unsure or unaware of the NATA position statement, but those aware of it expressed it to be a 3.89 on a scale to five, regarding usefulness; with one being “Not Useful at All”, three being “Neutral” and five “Very Useful”. On average, 1.9±0.88 challenges were documented to implementing effective treatment practices, and an average of 2.0±0.95 pressures reported to returning athletes to play following an ankle sprain. Conclusion: Nearly 40% of ATs were either unaware or unsure of current recommendations available to inform how ankle sprains are treated, which could impact how care is delivered.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Accessibility to Necessary Resources for Those Working Per Diem Services

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara A. Armstrong ◽  
Elizabeth R. Neil ◽  
Alisha M. Pennington ◽  
K. Ellis F. Mair ◽  
Lindsey E. Eberman
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Contractors ◽  
Transient Nature

Context As the demand for athletic training services has grown, the per diem athletic training setting has expanded to fulfill this need. Per diem services are provided by athletic trainers (ATs) who are hired as independent contractors for short time periods. These service opportunities help to increase access to care for medically underserved populations; however, due to the transient nature of the work, the quality of care may be compromised. Objective To examine current practices in per diem services and evaluate ATs' accessibility to resources. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 448 participants responded (access rate = 9.57%), of whom 210 were ineligible (46.9%). Of those who were eligible, 192 participants completed the entire tool (completion rate = 80.7%, age = 38 ± 12 years, years certified = 14 ± 11, years providing per diem services = 8 ± 8). Main Outcome Measure(s) The survey comprised 3 sections: (1) demographics, (2) accessibility to resources and influence on patient care, and (3) domains of athletic training while providing per diem services. Resources assessed included those that are relevant to ATs practicing in accordance with the Board of Certification Standards of Professional Practice. The final instrument included approximately 30 questions (depending on display logic) and took an average of 12 minutes to complete. Results Of the 11 primary resources assessed, participants had limited accessibility to 6. Critical resources related to informatics, legalities, and health care delivery were often not available, were seen as unimportant to providing medical services, or both. Conclusions Participants indicated varied perceptions about the need for and access to these resources. Yet such resources contribute to the creation of a safe infrastructure for providing medical services and should be part of the routine dialogue regarding independent contracting.

Certified Athletic Trainers' Perspectives on Rehabilitation Adherence in Collegiate Athletic Training Settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan D. Granquist ◽  
Leslie Podlog ◽  
Joanna R. Engel ◽  
Aubrey Newland
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Content Analyses

Context:Adherence to sport-injury rehabilitation protocols may be pivotal in ensuring successful rehabilitation and return-to-play outcomes.Objectives:To investigate athletic trainers' perspectives related to the degree to which rehabilitation adherence is an issue in collegiate athletic training settings, gain insight from certified athletic trainers regarding the factors contributing to rehabilitation nonadherence (underadherence and overadherence), and ascertain views on the most effective means for promoting adherence.Design:Crosssectional, mixed methods.Setting:Collegiate athletic training in the United States.Participants:Certified athletic trainers (n = 479; 234 male, 245 female).Main Outcome Measures:Online survey consisting of 3 questions regarding rehabilitation adherence, each followed by an open-ended comments section. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative items; hierarchical content analyses were conducted for qualitative items.Results:Most (98.3%) participants reported poor rehabilitation adherence to be a problem (1.7% = no problem, 29.2% = minor problem, 49.7% = problem, 19.4% = major problem), while most (98.96%) participants reported that they had athletes who exhibited poor rehabilitation adherence (1% = never, 71.4% = occasionally, 22.5% = often, 5% = always). In addition, the majority (97.91%) of participants reported that overadherence (eg, doing too much, failing to comply with activity restrictions, etc) was at least an occasional occurrence (2.1% = never, 69.3% = occasionally, 26.3% = often, 1.9% = always). Hierarchical content analyses regarding the constructs of poor adherence and overadherence revealed 4 major themes: the motivation to adhere, the development of good athletic trainer–athlete rapport and effective communication, athletic trainers' perception of the coaches' role in fostering adherence, and the influence of injury- or individual- (eg, injury severity, sport type, gender) specific characteristics on rehabilitation adherence.Conclusions:These results suggest that participants believe that underadherence (and to a lesser extent overadherence) is a frequent occurrence in collegiate athletic training settings. Strategies for enhancing rehabilitation adherence rates and preventing overadherence may therefore be important for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes.

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