scholarly journals Christen-Afrikanerperspektief op die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Spoelstra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
New South ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Religious View ◽  
British State ◽  
The 19Th Century

A Christian Afrikaner perspective on the Second Liberation War Many historical sources testify to the strong religious view of life characteristic of Afrikaners in the previous century. During the mentioned period British colonialism (imperialism) was motivated by the belief in the absolute paramouncy of the British state. The British therefore had little if any sympathy with the rights of any set of people when the interests of the Empire were at stake. Even the epithet “Boer” testifies to the fact that Afrikaners were denied their ethnic identity and were typified as lower-class citizens within the colonial population. On the other hand, during the 19th century, Afrikaners viewed themselves as a separate group of people. Furthermore, to a large extent, they equated themselves politically with the Old Testament Israel. Afrikaners accepted their independence as a gift of God Almighty, an independence accomplished and recognised by the British treaties of 1852 (1881) and 1854. Afrikaners regarded the maintaining of this independence as their religious and moral obligation. The outcome of the War, however, secularised Afrikaner politics and during the 20th century the emphasis in the New South Africa shifted from the idea of people (“volk”) to that of racial identity in an artificially unified state.

Das frühe Christentum und die Bildung

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Schnelle
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Urban Congregations ◽  
Intellectual Level

Early Christianity is often regarded as an entirely lower-class phenomenon, and thus characterised by a low educational and cultural level. This view is false for several reasons. (1) When dealing with the ancient world, inferences cannot be made from the social class to which one belongs to one's educational and cultural level. (2) We may confidently state that in the early Christian urban congregations more than 50 per cent of the members could read and write at an acceptable level. (3) Socialisation within the early congregations occurred mainly through education and literature. No religious figure before (or after) Jesus Christ became so quickly and comprehensively the subject of written texts! (4) The early Christians emerged as a creative and thoughtful literary movement. They read the Old Testament in a new context, they created new literary genres (gospels) and reformed existing genres (the Pauline letters, miracle stories, parables). (5) From the very beginning, the amazing literary production of early Christianity was based on a historic strategy that both made history and wrote history. (6) Moreover, early Christians were largely bilingual, and able to accept sophisticated texts, read them with understanding, and pass them along to others. (7) Even in its early stages, those who joined the new Christian movement entered an educated world of language and thought. (8) We should thus presuppose a relatively high intellectual level in the early Christian congregations, for a comparison with Greco-Roman religion, local cults, the mystery religions, and the Caesar cult indicates that early Christianity was a religion with a very high literary production that included critical reflection and refraction.

scholarly journals Multimedia integration of cartographic source materials for researching and presenting phenomena from economic history

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Lorek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Texture Mapping ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Industrial Landscape ◽  
Multimedia Integration ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The article presents a framework for integrating historical sources with elements of the geographical space recorded in unique cartographic materials. The aim of the project was to elaborate a method of integrating spatial data sources that would facilitate studying and presenting the phenomena of economic history. The proposed methodology for multimedia integration of old materials made it possible to demonstrate the successive stages of the transformation which was characteristic of the 19th-century space. The point of reference for this process of integrating information was topographic maps from the first half of the 19th century, while the research area comprised the castle complex in Kórnik together with the small town – the pre-industrial landscape in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland). On the basis of map and plan transformation, graphic processing of the scans of old drawings, texture mapping of the facades of historic buildings, and a 360° panorama, the source material collected was integrated. The final product was a few-minute-long video, composed of nine sequences. It captures the changing form of the castle building together with its facades, the castle park, and its further topographic and urban surroundings, since the beginning of the 19th century till the present day. For a topographic map sheet dating back to the first half of the 19th century, in which the hachuring method had been used to present land relief, a terrain model was generated. The transition from parallel to bird’s-eye-view perspective served to demonstrate the distinctive character of the pre-industrial landscape.

The Horn of the Unicorn

Antiquity ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 27 (105) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humphrey Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Middle Ages

Though everyone now agrees that the unicorn never existed, this unanimity is quite recent. All through the 19th century there were periodic reports of its presence in darkest Africa or on the Asiatic steppes, and hopes that it would turn out to be a reality died hard. But if there never was such a creature why did the men of the Middle Ages believe in it so firmly and depict it so often? As Christians it was incumbent on them to do so, for it was mentioned in the Old Testament and, therefore, must be real. Its presence there was due to the authors of the Septuagint, the Hellenised Jews who, at Alexandria, in the centuries between the city's foundation and the Christian era, translated their sacred books from Hebrew into Greek and on seven occasions used the word μονόκερως (Greek for unicorn).

scholarly journals The dramatization of the Holy Week in Švėkšna church in the first half of the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Giniūnienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Art ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article for the first time analyses the decoration parts of the Christ’s tomb of the second halfof the 18th century found a few years ago in Švėkšna church. The Christ’s tomb from the oldchurch was transferred to the  new church, which was built in 1804 and used until the  4thdecade of the 19th century. On the basis of the sources and remained fragments we can statethat this was a complicated structure of the Paschal decoration designed under the Europeanbaroque scenery principles. It was composed of the paintings on boards and canvas and mis-cellaneous accessories. The  Christ’s tomb paintings are characterised by a  symbolic allegoriccontent and artistry. The prophets of the Old Testament and characters the New Testamentreflecting the Paschal Triduum liturgy were depicted in the decoration. The survived outlinepaintings of Adam and Eve in Paradise, Noah waiting for the Saviour, and Angels Lamentingover the Death of Jesus are the exceptional iconography images in the Lithuanian church art.The decorations of the Christ’s tomb were created by the professional masters who decoratedthe churches in Samogitia in the second part of the 18th century. The images of suffering anddead Jesus used in the figuration of the Paschal Triduum influenced the spread of the Passionscenes. This is supported by an interesting archival fact about the shrine with a group of sculp-tures depicting the tomb of Christ in the Švėkšna churchyard.The fragments of the Paschal decorations in the Švėkšna church are important baroque scen-ery exhibits, which are valuable for the history of the Lithuanian church art and scenography.The investigation of the Holy Week figuration in the Švėkšna church is a valuable illustrationof this multidimensional cultural, religious and artistic phenomenon.

scholarly journals ECOLOGIA HUMANA: O PRESSUPOSTO DA ÉTICA NA PRESERVAÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE ORIGENS E CONCEITOS DO MOVIMENTO AMBIENTALISTA

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (112) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Pedro Celso Campos
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Deep Ecology ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
The Media ◽  
Saint Francis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Arne Næss ◽  
Arne Naess

Antigos documentos revelam que a preocupação com a ecologia não é fato recente. Há referências até mesmo no Antigo Testamento. Há intervenções sublimes de Santo Agostinho, Francisco de Assis, Erasmo de Roterdam. Mais recentemente, no séc. XIX, debate-se a “ecologia profunda”, através de Teilhard de Chardin e, depois, com Aldo Leopoldo (1940), Arne Naess (1970) etc. Em nossos dias, o debate sobre a vida, a sustentabilidade, está permanentemente visível na mídia, nas reuniões da ONU etc. Este artigo pretende indagar sobre o papel da Ética como recurso fundamental nesta discussão, concebendo Ética como algo que vai além da mera abordagem estética tão cara à vida moderna.ABSTRACT: Ancient documents reveal that the concern with Ecology isn’t a recent fact. There are references about it even in the Old Testament. There are sublime interventions from Saint Augustine, Saint Francis of Assisi and Erasmus of Rotterdam. More recently, in the 19th century, people have discussed “Deep Ecology”, based on the work of Teilhard de Chardin and, later, of Aldo Leopoldo (1940), Arne Naess (1970), etc. Nowadays, the debate about life and sustainability is permanently visible in the media, in United Nations’ gatherings, etc. This article intends to question the role of ethics as a fundamental resource in this discussion, conceiving ethics as something that goes beyond the mere aesthetic approach, so costly to modern life.

6. Hinduism, colonialism, and modernity

2016 ◽  
pp. 62-73
Author(s):  
Kim Knott
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The 19Th Century

What impact did the presence of the Arabs and Turks, then the Europeans in India, have on the religious ideas and practices of Hindus? ‘Hinduism, colonialism, and modernity’ considers this question and, in particular, looks at the effect of British colonialism on Hinduism. Many of the new Hindu initiatives of the 19th century were pervaded in some way by the influence of western culture and Christian ideas. Many Hindu reformers, such as Gandhi, developed their ideas and actions from the context of British colonial rule. Gandhi sometimes imitated, sometimes resisted, but was always influenced by western conceptions of India and Hinduism.

scholarly journals Alessandro Malaspina: An Italian/Spaniard at Port Jackson

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Laura Olcelli
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
The South ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Spanish Colonies ◽  
Port Jackson

Tuscan-born and Spanish-trained Alessandro Malaspina (1754-1810) captained the most significant scientific expedition ever launched by Spain in the years 1789-1794. After a survey of the Spanish colonies in America, he directed the course of the Descubierta towards the South Pacific and anchored at Port Jackson on 11 March 1793. In my essay I will scrutinize the New South Wales leg of Malaspina’s voyage account, comparing 'Viaje político-científico alrededor del mundo' (the original 1885 Spanish edition) and 'Journal of a Voyage by Alejandro Malaspina' (its 2001 English translation), and integrating them with the captain’s secret reports. The examination of Malaspina’s comments on the infant colony will simultaneously expose the Spanish attitude to early British colonialism in New South Wales, and help assess Malaspina’s complex role as the first explorer who reached Terra Australis from the Italian peninsula.

scholarly journals Vryheid en verbond: ’n Ou-Testamentiese perspektief

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Du Plooy
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
New South ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The People

Freedom and covenant: A perspective from the Old Testament A century after the end of the Anglo-Boer War freedom remains an important issue and some people nowadays constantly ask whether they have lost their freedom in the New South Africa. This article offers an Old Testament perspective on freedom and first of all discusses the importance of blessings and curses within the framework of the covenant. This is followed by a discussion of two passages from the Old Testament – Deuteronomy 28 and Jeremiah 34 – viewing the loss of freedom as a result of disobedience to God’s commandments. The discussion highlights the fact that political freedom could not be regarded as a basic right of a people in the time of the Old Testament. Freedom in their own land was regarded as a gift of God to Israel. To retain this freedom the people had to obey God’s commandments; otherwise this freedom could be lost. Deuteronomy 28 indicates that obedience will result in blessings, while disobedience will result in punishment. Freedom in their own land is mentioned together with the blessings and the curses. Jeremiah 34 proceeds from the same premise, but relates the loss of freedom to the people’s failure to release their slaves.

Igbo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chima J. Korieh
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Igbo-speaking people inhabit most of southeastern Nigeria. Their political economy and culture have been shaped by their long history of habitation in the forest region. Important themes relating to the Igbo past have centered on the question of origin, the agrarian bases of their economy, the decentralized and acephalous structure of their political organization, an achievement-based social system rooted in their traditional humane living, and a fluid gender ideology that recognized male and female roles as complementary rather than oppositional. The Igbo contributed to major historical developments including the development of agriculture, the Bantu migration, and its influence in the making of Bantu cultural areas in sub-Saharan Africa. On the global arena, the Igbo contributed significantly to the transformation of the New World through the Atlantic slave trade and the making of New World cultures. The Igbo made the transition to palm oil production in the postabolition era, thereby contributing to the industrialization of Europe as well as linking their society to the global capitalist economy from the 19th century. The Igbo encounter with Europeans continued through British colonialism, and their struggle to maintain their autonomy would shape British colonialism in Nigeria and beyond. The postcolonial era has been a time of crisis for the Igbo in Nigeria. They were involved in a civil war with Nigeria, known as the Nigeria-Biafra war, and experienced mass killing and genocide but continued to be resilient, drawing from their history and shared experience.

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