The relation between religion and state in Islam and Christianity in the rise of ISIS

The recent development of the Islamic State (ISIS 2010–2014 and IS 2014) is a radicalisation of the relation between religion and state in Islam. The relation of religion and state to Christianity has been shaped by the philosophy of dualism and Greek thought in the West. The relation of religion and state in Islam, however, has been shaped by a completely different tradition and conflicting view than Western thought and is based on the codified system of Shari’a law in Arabic thought. One of the most debated topics in Islamic studies is the inseparable nature of religion and state in Islam and the role of Shari’a law to the state. In the West the historical debate concerns the indiscriminate blending of church and state and the separation of church and state as indispensable to democracy and the modern question of the relation of Christian morality and public law. Islamic fundamentalism is a political and religious reform movement that indiscriminately blends the political and religious.

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Khomeini’s Concept of Wilâyat Al-Faqîh and Its Influence on the Contemporary Indonesian Islamic Thought

TAJDID ◽

10.36667/tajdid.v25i1.351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Hasan Bisri

Keyword(s):

Academic Discourse ◽

Status Quo ◽

Islamic State ◽

Islamic World ◽

Islamic Studies ◽

Islamic Thought ◽

The Status ◽

Scholarly Discussion ◽

Religion And State ◽

State Relations

The concept of wilâyat al-faqîh from Imam Khomeini was one of the products of Islamic thought. It has revive discourse on Islamic studies in various parts of the Islamic world. It is not only become a threat to the status quo of the Muslim rulers, in fact it has been raising the academic and scholarly discussion in the forums of national, regional, and international levels. The influence of the concept of wilâyat al-faqîh from Imam Khomeini to contemporary Islamic thought in Indonesia looked on discourse about the relation between religion and state. Indeed, the debate on religion-state relations have long occurred in Indonesia, but in academic discourse becomes increasingly crowded since the concept of wilâyat al-faqîh serve as the basis for the establishment of the Islamic State of Iran by Imam Khomeini. Effect the concept of wilâyat al-faqîh in contemporary Indonesian Islamic thought encouraged by the publication of books by/about Imam Khoemini and about Shia in general and the development of Shi'i institutions in Indonesia.

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Islamophobia

Britain and Islam ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300234947.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 244-271

Author(s):

Martin Pugh

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Islamic State ◽

Islamic Fundamentalism ◽

The West ◽

Small Minority ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Proximate Causes ◽

To Come ◽

The 1960S

This chapter discusses how, misled by Islamophobic propaganda, Britain and America were unable to come to terms with what they called ‘Islamism’. The origins of what is variously known as Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and radical Islamism lie in the 1960s, in the ideas of a handful of Muslims in Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran who believed that Muslims had been led astray from their religion by nationalist movements. Although some Muslims were critical of Western morality and politics, Islamism was not primarily anti-Western: it was essentially a reaction against what were widely seen as the corrupt, authoritarian, and secular regimes that controlled much of the Muslim world. The aim was to evict them, return to a purer form of Islam and re-create an Islamic state. In view of the exaggerated reputation it enjoys in the West, it is worth remembering that this movement has largely been a failure. Yet while fundamentalism appeals to only a small minority, it is also the case that large numbers of Muslims have become aggrieved by the policies of the Western powers. The explanation for this can be found in long-term frustration with the consistently pro-Israeli policy of Britain and the United States over Palestine, in addition to the proximate causes in the shape of two Afghan wars, the genocide in Bosnia, the Rushdie affair, and the first Gulf War in 1990, which made many Muslims see themselves as the victims of Western aggression and interventionism.

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32. Humanitarian intervention in world politics

The Globalization of World Politics ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198739852.003.0032 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alex J. Bellamy ◽

Nicholas J. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Humanitarian Intervention ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Use Of Force ◽

World Politics ◽

The Other ◽

Islamic State ◽

The West ◽

Protection Goals

This chapter examines the role of humanitarian intervention in world politics. It considers how we should resolve tensions when valued principles such as order, sovereignty, and self-determination come into conflict with human rights; and how international thought and practice has evolved with respect to humanitarian intervention. The chapter discusses the case for and against humanitarian intervention and looks at humanitarian activism during the 1990s. It also analyses the responsibility to protect principle and the use of force to achieve its protection goals in Libya in 2011. Two case studies are presented, one dealing with humanitarian intervention in Darfur and the other with the role of Middle Eastern governments in Operation Unified Protector in Libya in 2011. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the West should intervene in Syria to protect people there from the Islamic State (ISIS).

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Explaining Muslims’ Aggressive Tendencies Towards the West: The Role of Negative Stereotypes, Anger, Perceived Conflict and Islamic Fundamentalism

Psychology and Developing Societies ◽

10.1177/0971333618819151 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 56-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Mashuri ◽

Esti Zaduqisti

Keyword(s):

Psychological Factors ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Intergroup Conflict ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Islamic Fundamentalism ◽

The West ◽

Negative Stereotypes ◽

The Impact

The current research was to investigate what psychological factors predict Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, and the underlying mechanism by which the negative stereotypes can translate into Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. A correlational survey among a sample of Indonesian Muslims ( N = 360) demonstrated that the more participants negatively stereotyped the West, the more they thought that Muslims should aggress the latter group. We also found as expected that Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West were positively predicted by the perceived conflict between Islam and the West, and this perceived intergroup conflict in turn mediated the role of Islamic fundamentalism in predicting the negative stereotypes. These findings in sum highlight the role of contextual and individual factors in predicting Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, as well as the impact of these stereotypes on Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. Theoretical implications and research limitations of these empirical findings are discussed.

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The Role of Pakistan in the Organization of Islamic Conference

American Journal of Islam and Society ◽

10.35632/ajis.v1i2.2814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 51-78

Author(s):

Sulayman S. Nyang

Keyword(s):

Fifteenth Century ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Islamic State ◽

Colonial Power ◽

The West ◽

Naval Power ◽

Muslim People ◽

The World ◽

The Creation

The rise of Western naval power in the world was the consequence ofthe earlier Iberian discovery of peoples, societies and cultures beyond theseas known to the Europeans of the early fifteenth century. It was indeedthese forays and adventures that gradually led to the imposition ofWestern colonial and imperial rule over what were previouslyindependent societies and cultures in Asia and Africa. The Muslimsocieties, along with Buddhist, Hindu, Eastern Christian and traditionalAfrican peoples, were all brought under one European imperial roof,and their societies exposed to the transforming powers of Westernindustrial might.It was of course this rise of the West and the decline of the East that ledto the parcelling out of Muslim lands and to the alteration in the directionand flow of cultural and intellectual exchanges between the Muslims ofthe Indian subcontinent and their brethren elsewhere in Dam1 Islam.With such a division of the Muslim lands, each Muslim people livingunder a given colonial power tried to maintain its Islamic identityagainst whatever odds there were in that colonial system. Pakistaniswere part of this global phenomenon and the creation of their country in1947 dramatized the Muslim feeling of loss of unity and the urgent needto recover the universal feeling of Islamic solidarity which colonial ruleseemingly derailed from the tracks of human history.In this paper I intend to examine and analyze the role of Pakistan inthe Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Working on theunderstanding that Pakistan at the time of the formation of the OIC in1969, was the most populous Islamic state in the world and that its verycreation was occasioned by the Islamic sentiments of the Muslim ...

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The Islamic State Threat to European and North American Security

The Journal of Intelligence Conflict and Warfare ◽

10.21810/jicw.v1i2.635 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Anthony Celso

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Homeland Security ◽

North American ◽

Islamic State ◽

The West

This essay examines Islamic State (IS) terror activity in Europe and North America. It does so in four parts. First, it analyses the pioneering role of Abu Muhammad al-Adnani who from 2012-2016 served as IS’ chief propagandist and terror orchestrator. Second, it looks at IS’ terror campaign to weaken Western homeland security. Third, it discusses the Islamic State attacks in Europe and North America. Finally, it assesses future IS’s terrorism in the West.

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Traders women at Makkah and Medina in the early of Islam: النساء التاجرات في مكة والمدينة في صدر الإسلام

Journal of Islamic Sciences - مجلة العلوم الإسلامية ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.m051218 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Shams El Din Karim

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Muslim Women ◽

Islamic State ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Commercial Activity ◽

Islamic Studies ◽

The People ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

Arab Muslim

This study aims at shedding light on the role and activity of women in trade in Makkah and Medina in the early of Islam. It should be noted that the follower, reader and researcher in the affairs of Islamic studies in general, and historical studies in particular, find in the political system and Islamic law at the time, It stands against the aspirations of Arab Muslim women and prevents them from moving forward towards self-realization, and in the course of trade or any other activity. On the contrary, we found through this study there is great support by those who are responsible for the affairs of the emerging Islamic state at the time, Same and me Its role and ability to participate effectively in society. Thus, we note previously through research and study and careful reading of the historical sources and historical jurisprudence, in which historians cited many accounts of the role of Arab Muslim women and their active participation in the commercial activity in Mecca and Medina, and despite the low participation of women in trade, In the society, through the competition with men and in a difficult field, where we find the hardship of travel and travel between the markets and stand with the item with them, and has the ability to practice the sale and purchase, as well as speculation with money with men, and they were traveling to markets to bring the most Among the people, and thus managed to Arab Muslim women to match men, and note some of them have supported their husbands in meeting the requirements of daily life and provide a good living in a difficult and harsh environment, and historians have written in their writings the emergence of markets for women in Medina, Al-Shattaab (may Allaah be pleased with him) used Al-Shifa 'bint Abdullah on these markets as an accountant to monitor what is going on in them, and it was her duty to monitor the scales and scales so that there would be no cheating. The most important findings of the study: • The study showed the role of women and they play all the vital roles and participation of their Muslim brothers and are the cause of the rise of civilizational society, through its use as a worker responsible for the market and highlighting its role and ability to perform the tasks entrusted to it in the best picture. • The location of the Arabian Peninsula, which mediates the ancient world and opens up to Yemen, Iraq, Persia, Syria and Egypt, and at the same time overlooking the waters of the Shatt al-Arab, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden, has had a significant impact on the revitalization of trade.

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Negara Ideal dalam Pemikiran Fundamentalis Islam

POLITEA ◽

10.21043/politea.v4i1.9948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mhd Alfahjri Sukri

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

The State ◽

Islamic State ◽

Font Size ◽

Islamic Fundamentalism ◽

Ideal State ◽

Problems In Living ◽

Religion And State ◽

The Ideal

This research aims to explain the problem of Islamic fundamentalism and analyze the thoughts of Islamic fundamentalist figures, namely Abul A'la Al-Maududi, Hasan Al-Banna, and Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani about the ideal state. Qualitative methods are used in this research with data obtained through books, journals, scientific articles, and other related sources. The results showed that the ideal country according to the thoughts of Abul A'la Al-Maududi, Hasan Al-Banna, and Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani is a country based on Islam. These figures made Rasulullah when he founded the state of Medina until the time of Khulafaur Rasyidin as the reference for the ideal state. Because for them, at that time Islam was used as the main reference and foundation of life and could solve all problems, including problems in living as a state. These figures also reject the separation between religion and state (secularism), and agree to make sovereignty in God's hands. According to them, religion has an important role in the state. In addition, they also placed Ahlul Halli wal Aqdi as an important part of an Islamic state.This research aims to explain the problem of Islamic fundamentalism and analyze the thoughts of Islamic fundamentalist figures, namely Abul A'la Al-Maududi, Hasan Al-Banna, and Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani about the ideal state. Qualitative methods are used in this research with data obtained through books, journals, scientific articles, and other related sources. The results showed that the ideal country according to the thoughts of Abul A'la Al-Maududi, Hasan Al-Banna, and Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani is a country based on Islam. These figures made Rasulullah when he founded the state of Medina until the time of Khulafaur Rasyidin as the reference for the ideal state. Because for them, at that time Islam was used as the main reference and foundation of life and could solve all problems, including problems in living as a state. These figures also reject the separation between religion and state (secularism), and agree to make sovereignty in God's hands. According to them, religion has an important role in the state. In addition, they also placed Ahlul Halli wal Aqdi as an important part of an Islamic state.

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The Islamic Threat

American Journal of Islam and Society ◽

10.35632/ajis.v10i1.2529 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 122-125

Author(s):

Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Salman Rushdie ◽

Minority Rights ◽

Gulf War ◽

Military Coup ◽

Islamic Fundamentalism ◽

The West ◽

Simultaneous Reduction ◽

Islamic Studies ◽

Academic Literature

There is little dispute that the Iranian revolution, the ensuing hostagecrises in Tehmn and Beirut, the Salman Rushdie affair, and, finally, thePemian Gulf war have drastically changed the image of Islam in the West.The hetoric of the most ardent Muslim activists has been accepted at facevalue, and Islam has been identified as a revolutionary force with an axe togrind against the West. Although the Western phobia of Islam has somejustification, the West has allowed stereotypes and shibboleths to rule itsjudgment too easily. Explicitly, as well as implicitly, Islam is depicted in themedia and even academic literature as the religion of war, vengeance, anddestruction-as a force that is inimical to the orderly conduct of internationalrelations and the progress of society and politics. Islam is viewed as hostileto democracy, minority rights, and women's welfare. Islam as a world civilizationhas been reduced to Islamic fundamentalism, and even then the Westhas preferred to cling to political slogans rather than grapple with complexsociopolitical pmesses in undetstanding the theoretical and political challengeof Islamic movements.The radications of the simultaneous reduction of Islam to fundamentalismand the "mythologization" of fundamentalism are immediately clear.The West turned a blind eye to a brutal military coup in Algeria in 1991, believingthat martial rule would be a far better option for Algeria and the Westthan an Islamic government in Algiers. The reaction to the crisis in the formerrepublics of Yugoslavia has been equally perplexing, especially in the lightof Serbia's glorification of its genocidal carnage of Bosnians as "a worthycause" that Europe will eventually appreciate. After all, the Serbs are "doingEurope a favor by ridding it of the menace of Islam." Muslims have in factcharged, and rightly so, that the West follows a different set of standards ondemocracy and human rights when it comes to Muslim societies.Is the Western reaction to things Islamic mere genuflection or does it reveala more deep-seated anger and distrust of Islam? If the latter is the case,what will the consequences of such a policy be for global interests of theWest? The Islamic threat: Myth or Reality? offers answers to these queries.Esposito, a leading expert on Islamic studies who has written prolifically onthe relation of Islam to politics, provides a lucid examination of the roots ofMuslims' activism and the Westem response to it. He places the attitude ofIslamic movements towards the West in the context of the Muslim experience ...

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The Impact of Evolving Jihadist Narratives on Radicalisation in the West

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650292.003.0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Akil N. Awan

Keyword(s):

Lived Experiences ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Al Qaeda ◽

Islamic State ◽

The West ◽

Violent Extremism ◽

Foreign Fighters ◽

Role Of Religion ◽

The Impact

This chapter explores the role Jihadist narratives have played in the radicalization of young Muslims in the West towards violent extremism, and how these narratives have changed over the years as Islamic State (ISIS) has trumped Al-Qaeda in becoming the organization of choice for most Western Jihadists today. The chapter explores the biographies of numerous individuals drawn to violent extremism, including those who have travelled abroad as foreign fighters or conducted home grown domestic terrorist attacks. The study finds that radical narratives only have potency when they intersect with structural conditions or the lived experiences that individuals may find themselves in. The chapter explores the role of religion, identity, altruism, and socio-economic marginalization in helping to account for increasing recruitment to Jihadism, suggesting fruitful avenues for Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) measures.

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