scholarly journals Konflik tussen groepe: Die verhouding Verkeersbeampte en Motoris

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Bosshof ◽  
M. De V Visser
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Typical Sequence ◽  
Residual Elements ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

An operational definition of the concept of conflict is given and the implications of the definition discussed. The course of a conflict and the processes involved are described. An effort is made to show that the typical sequence of events in a conflict can be used to explain the (postulated) bad relationship between the motorist on the one hand and the traffic officer on the other hand. The negative effects of residual elements of unsatisfactorily resolved conflict situations between the two groups are emphasized. It is suggested that industrial psychologists have a role to play in the long-term solution of the negative relationship. Opsomming 'n Operasionele definisie van die begrip konflik word gegee en die implikasies daarvan bespreek. Die verloop van 'n konflik en die prosesse betrokke, word beskrywe. 'n Poging word aangewend om aan te toon dat die tipiese verloop van 'n konflik gebruik kan word om die (gepostuleerde) swak verhouding tussen motoriste aan die een kant en die verkeersbeamptes aan die ander kant te verklaar. Die negatiewe uitwerking van residuele effekte van onbevredigend opgeloste konfliksituasies tussen die twee groepe persone word beklemtoon. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat bedryfsielkundiges 'n rol speel in die langtermynoplossing van die negatiewe verhouding.

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

scholarly journals Persistence as Returning: An Integrative Review of Theory and Research on Continued Goal Pursuit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Moshontz
Keyword(s):  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
Definition Of

Continued goal pursuit despite goal-opponent forces (persistence) has long been recognized as essential to achieving long-term goals. Though many causes and correlates of persistence and non-persistence have been identified, no theory offers a comprehensive account of how people persist and when errors in persistence (under-persistence and over-persistence) are likely to occur. This review offers an operational definition of persistence that serves as a framework for integrating existing theories and empirical findings. The act of persistence is defined as returning to goal pursuit following a recess. Consequently, variations in persistence arise from: 1) goal pursuit recesses and 2) re-engagement in goal pursuit. Implications for errors in persistence are explored, and areas needing additional study are identified.

scholarly journals MILANO CHE SI COSTRUISCE: I PIANI REGOLATORI

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Rossari
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Municipal Administration ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Building Activities ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Partial Plans

The paper examines the urban development of Milan from 1859 to 1912. In the years between 1859 and 1884 the city developed in the wake of the first industrialization without a master plan and only partial plans were prepared for areas where building activities were already taking place. Planning therefore followed private initiative and even the 1876 plan by engineer Angelo Fasana was no more than a tool, without legal value, to guide and coordinate the involvement of the municipal administration. This led the Milan ruling classes to encourage the decentralization of large industries in order to avoid the onset of speculation and the resulting feared negative effects on housing areas. Following the scandal raised by the parcelling of the Lazzaretto, which began in 1880, and by the one proposed for the Piazza d’Armi, in 1883 engineer Cesare Beruto was given the task of studying an overall master plan. The gestation of the plan, long and often faced by opposition, ended with its adoption in 1889 following three earlier drafts (1884, 1885, 1888). The present paper illustrates the conceptual lines and the most important issues of the plan: the size of the blocks, the definition of the green areas and the design of the Piazza d’Armi, and outlines the results of its application over two decades at the turn of the nineteenth century. Finally, the paper discusses - taking also into account subsequent plans, such as the one of 1912 by Pavia and Masera and the one of 1934 by Albertini - the long persistence of the “radial” growth model, outlined by Beruto, and the crucial impact it has had on the image of Milan.

scholarly journals Attack of the snowclones: A corpus-based analysis of extravagant formulaic patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hartmann ◽  
Tobias Ungerer
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Interpersonal Factors ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of ‘snowclones’ has gained interest in recent research on linguistic creativity and in studies on extravagance and expressiveness in language. However, no clear criteria for identifying snowclones have yet been established, and detailed corpus-based investigations of the phenomenon are still lacking. This paper addresses this research gap in a twofold way: On the one hand, we develop an operational definition of snowclones, arguing that three criteria are decisive: (i) the existence of a lexically fixed source construction; (ii) partial productivity; (iii) “extravagant" formal and/or functional characteristics. On the other hand, we offer an empirical investigation of two snowclones that can be considered ‘prototypical’ on the basis of previous literature, namely [the mother of all X] and [X BE the newY]. We use collostructional analysis and distributional semantics to explore the partial productivity of both patterns’ slot fillers. In sum, we argue that the concept of snowclones, if properly defined, can contribute substantially to our understanding of creative language use, especially regarding the question of how social,cultural, and interpersonal factors influence the choice of more or less salient linguistic constructions.

The Allure and Costs of Capability

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Poulami Roychowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The One

Chapter 11 analyzes the costs and benefits of women’s “capability.” On the one hand, women who tried to be “capable” became empowered in concrete ways. They gained self-confidence, feeling psychologically better than they had after experiencing abuse. Some of them experienced important forms of social mobility, acquiring stable jobs and respect from friends and neighbors. Some became members of the public sphere, able to navigate government offices, occupy public space, and lead their own organizational efforts. On the other hand, by trying to be “capable,” women also experienced real uncertainty and risks. They became overworked, overwhelmed, lonely, and physically endangered. Trying to be capable had long-term negative effects on women’s health, mental stability, and, for some, the very desire to survive.

scholarly journals Les équivalences discursives et les suites préconstruites

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 21-58
Author(s):  
Gaston Gross
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
The Face ◽  
Adverbial Modifiers ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Fact

A given predicate is defined by a set of properties which combine and which automatically generate all the sentences it allows. Among them, we note the number and the semantic class of the arguments which characterize it, the adjectival and adverbial modifiers which can be added tothe scheme of arguments as well as all the transformations which affect each of these units. The speaker is responsible for attributing to sentences the set of all the forms that language allows him to generate. What has just been said can be considered as a definition of syntax.But this situation is far from exhausting the description of a language. J. Dubois and especially Maurice Gross have devoted large-scale work to fixed expressions, that is to say, to the restrictions relating to the combinatorics usually observed around a given predicate. These studies have focused on the limitations of grammar rules as they are generally described. These two authors have drawn up lists of tens of thousands of “fixed” verbs and have highlighted the limits of this fixing. However, they made an observation without highlighting the causes of the fixing, which is a much more complex linguistic fact than this work suggests. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it emphasizes what can be called discursive equivalences: in a given situation, the same idea can be translated by expressions which have no obvious link between them, as in: con comme la lune, con comme un balai, con comme une baleine, con comme une bite, con comme une valise. Another example: voici belle lurette, voici longtemps, voici un temps fou, voici une paille, voici une paye. It goes without saying that the speaker is not master of these expressions, because they are written in the language. This article shows that these equivalences are very numerous. On the other hand, I. Mel’čuk initiated important work on pragmatemes. Again the “regular” syntax is defective. All these cases are in fact examples of pre-constructed sequences, of which this article attempts to make a first classification. These sequences are explained by specific communication conditions as seen with these examples:a) Doubt or reluctance in the face of information that one can hardly believe:à d’autres !, à d’autres mais pas à moi !, à d’autres mais pas à nous ! b) Criticism of a work that is considered null and uninteresting:c’est de la bouillie pour les chats, c’est de la bricole, c’est de la briquette, c’est de la couille,c’est de la merde, c’est de la piquette, c’est du flan, c’est du pipeau, c’est du vent.This is long-term work, which allows us to renew certain theoretical perspectives.  

scholarly journals Learning and memory

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
P. A. J. Ryke
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Under various circumstances and in different species the outward expression of learning varies considerably, and this has led to the classification of different categories of learning. Just as there is no generally agreed on definition of learning, there is no one system of classification. Types of learning commonly recognized are: Habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, trial and error, taste aversion, latent learning, cultural learning, imprinting, insight learning, learning-set learning and instinct. The term memory must include at least two separate processes. It must involve, on the one hand, that of learning something and on the other, at some later date, recalling that thing. What lies between the learning and (he remembering must be some permanent record — a memory trace — within the brain. Memory exists in at least two forms: memory for very recent events (short-term) which is relatively labile and easily disruptable; and long-term memory, which is much more stable. Not everything that gets into short-term memory becomes fixed in the long-term store; a filtering mechanism selects things that might be important and discards the rest.

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