La calle proyectada en el planeamiento urbanístico reciente. Murcia, 2001-2016

The 'prodigious decade' of Spanish urbanism caused a large expansion of urban lands, but also a much greater amount of planned but undeveloped land. The planning for this 'expectant city' is a challenge for the future of our cities. In this work, the streets proposed in these plans are analysed by evaluating their dimensional characteristics (surface and width) and their habitability (pedestrian-cyclist space and previsions of tree lines). The research is focused on the city of Murcia, paradigmatic case of the expansive urbanism typical of the real estate bubble. We have studied 2,096 streets from 92 partial plans approved during the period 2002-2013. The results show how the analysed variables change according to the use and density of the sectors and can be useful to evaluate the improvement of the habitability of these streets before their execution.

HTN Planning as Heuristic Progression Search

The majority of search-based HTN planning systems can be divided into those searching a space of partial plans (a plan space) and those performing progression search, i.e., that build the solution in a forward manner. So far, all HTN planners that guide the search by using heuristic functions are based on plan space search. Those systems represent the set of search nodes more effectively by maintaining a partial ordering between tasks, but they have only limited information about the current state during search. In this article, we propose the use of progression search as basis for heuristic HTN planning systems. Such systems can calculate their heuristics incorporating the current state, because it is tracked during search. Our contribution is the following: We introduce two novel progression algorithms that avoid unnecessary branching when the problem at hand is partially ordered and show that both are sound and complete. We show that defining systematicity is problematic for search in HTN planning, propose a definition, and show that it is fulfilled by one of our algorithms. Then, we introduce a method to apply arbitrary classical planning heuristics to guide the search in HTN planning. It relaxes the HTN planning model to a classical model that is only used for calculating heuristics. It is updated during search and used to create heuristic values that are used to guide the HTN search. We show that it can be used to create HTN heuristics with interesting theoretical properties like safety, goal-awareness, and admissibility. Our empirical evaluation shows that the resulting system outperforms the state of the art in search-based HTN planning.

Alternativas de diálogo sustentable para procesos de desarrollo urbano: Resguardo Muisca de Bosa, Colombia/ Sustainable dialogue alternatives for urban development processes: Muisca de Bosa Reservation, Colombia

Resumen Este artículo expone la investigación llevada a cabo en el territorio de la Comunidad Indígena de Bosa con el objetivo de valorar escenarios de diálogo participativo pluricultural en procesos de desarrollo urbano. Para ello se estructuró una metodología crítico hermenéutica a partir del estudio de caso, en la que se contrastó un marco teórico construido desde la noción de participación aplicada a procesos de desarrollo urbano y conceptos extraídos de la Sustentabilidad Ambiental Urbana, con el proceso seguido para la formulación de los Planes Parciales ‘El Edén – El descanso’ y ‘Campo Verde’. En tal sentido, los resultados obtenidos confirman la falta de una inclusión real de la comunidad en las propuestas de desarrollo urbano que se busca sobreponer a su territorio ancestral y la existencia de un acervo cultural que debe ser protegido como saber local, que puede propiciar un desarrollo comunitario de escala local y ambientalmente sustentable. Se concluye, que tales hallazgos permitió evidenciar la necesidad de entender el territorio como espacio de derechos para construir plataformas participativas que permitan comprender cómo la estructura de la política pública puede salvaguardar el bienestar público sobre los intereses privados en defensa de territorios ancestrales. Abstract This article presents the research carried out in the territory of the Indigenous Community of Bosa with the aim of assessing scenarios of pluricultural participatory dialogue in urban development processes. For this, a critical hermeneutical methodology was structured based on the case study, in which a theoretical framework built from the notion of participation applied to urban development processes and concepts extracted from Urban Environmental Sustainability was contrasted, with the process followed for the Formulation of the Partial Plans 'El Edén - El Descanso' and 'Campo Verde'. In this sense, the results obtained confirm the lack of a real inclusion of the community in the urban development proposals that seek to overcome their ancestral territory and the existence of a cultural heritage that must be protected as local knowledge, which can promote a community development on a local and environmentally sustainable scale. It is concluded that such findings made it possible to demonstrate the need to understand the territory as a space of rights to build participatory platforms that allow understanding how the structure of public policy can safeguard public welfare over private interests in defense of ancestral territories.

Rational Planning Agency

Our planning agency contributes to our lives in fundamental ways. Prior partial plans settle practical questions about the future. They thereby pose problems of means, filter solutions to those problems, and guide action. This plan-infused background frames our practical thinking in ways that cohere with our resource limits and help organize our lives, both over time and socially. And these forms of practical thinking involve guidance by norms of plan rationality, including norms of plan consistency, means-end coherence, and stability over time.But why are these norms of rationality? Would these norms be stable under a planning agent's reflection? I try to answer these questions in a way that responds to a skeptical challenge. While I highlight pragmatic reasons for being a planning agent, these need to be supplemented fully to explain the force of these norms in the particular case. I argue that the needed further rationale appeals to the idea that these norms track certain conditions of a planning agent's self-governance, both at a time and over time. With respect to diachronic plan rationality, this approach leads to a modest plan conservatism.

De la urbanización a la intervención urbana estratégica: Instrumentos de planificación intermedia en Costa Rica

ResumenEl presente artículo analiza el contexto y las posibilidades normativas del país para implementar estrategias de planificación de grandes conjuntos urbanos. Este tipo de planificación se ubica entre los planes reguladores locales y la ejecución del proyecto individual. Su aplicación tiene el alcance del conocido pero nunca aplicado “plan maestro”. Los actuales formatos de transformación del suelo en Costa Rica impiden un abordaje integral de grandes conjuntos urbanos. La separación práctica de la figura de la urbanización y del condominio ha generado una mejor salida en el mercado inmobiliario del segundo. Grandes áreas de la ciudad han sido intervenidas bajo el formato de condominio horizontal. Esta práctica aceptada e institucionalizada, provoca que la trama urbana existente experimente un proceso de sobrecarga. Al mismo tiempo, el condominio horizontal se considera exento de las cesiones que el desarrollo inmobiliario debe brindar a la ciudad. La renovación urbana, inexplorada pero existente en nuestra normativa, abraza muchas de las posibilidades para la implementación de diferentes procesos de escala intermedia. AbstractThis paper analyzes the opportunities of Costa Rica to implement planning strategies for large urban sectors. This kind of planning takes place between municipal planning (local government) and specific (urban) projects, in which case, replaces the quite known but difficult to apply “master plan”. The current patterns of urban development and real estate in Costa Rica, prevent an integrated approach on large urban sectors. The lack of commercial advantages of the traditional urban development versus the gated community has provoked that large sectors of the city have been intervened as closed environments. The consequences of this very profitable and institutionalized practiceare the overload on existing urban areas and the deficit of public facilities, which are necessary for an adequate urban growth. The urban renewal concept, unexplored but present in Costa Rican urban regulations, sets up the ground rules for the approach to large urban areas, also known as partial plans.

The Role of Macros in Tractable Planning

This paper presents several new tractability results for planning based on macros. We describe an algorithm that optimally solves planning problems in a class that we call inverted tree reducible, and is provably tractable for several subclasses of this class. By using macros to store partial plans that recur frequently in the solution, the algorithm is polynomial in time and space even for exponentially long plans. We generalize the inverted tree reducible class in several ways and describe modifications of the algorithm to deal with these new classes. Theoretical results are validated in experiments.

Trieste: un porto, una cittŕ tra Impero Austro-Ungarico e Mediterraneo

-Trieste was the main commercial port of the Hapsburg Empire on the Mediterranean since 1719. During the 19th century the city underwent a series of projects for upgrading its port facilities and rail projects in order to improve its links with Vienna and with the productive regions inland. Eighteenth-century city planning was an orderly affair leading to an orderly expansion. However, the second half of the nineteenth century brought Trieste into a period of great instability, where projects approved by the government of Vienna clashed with guidelines proposed by the city's elite The projects presented in this period do not follow any general plan. They are neither broad-range nor long-term. The city developed through partial plans. These plans tried to exploit the plains areas between the sea and the high karst plateau that dominated the city. In addition, they went towards reinforcing the interests of the local economic powers.