scholarly journals A systematic review of comprehensive sexuality education for South African adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronel Koch ◽  
Welma Wehmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
South African ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Comprehensive Sexuality Education

Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) was implemented in South African schools in the year 2000 as part of the subject Life Orientation, with the aim of contributing positively to adolescent sexual health in a holistic manner. Continued high rate of teenage pregnancy and HIV infection is an indication; however, that the programme is not entirely successful. To establish why the aims of the programme and the consequences of learners’ sexual behaviour do not correspond, this systematic review aimed to determine how the programme contributes to the sexual health of adolescents and to make recommendations for its improvement. Nine databases were searched, after which two reviewers independently evaluated the methodological quality of the identified studies using an appraisal tool. The 22 articles that met the criteria for final inclusion were qualitative in nature and included cross-sectional and cohort studies. Results indicate that the contribution of the CSE programme is reflected in teachers, learners and the curriculum. Teachers are in need of expert training and learners are neither actively involved in the learning process nor the development of the programme as they need and would like to be. Recommendations include the development of context-specific training curricula for pre- and in-service teachers as developed collaboratively by various experts and stakeholders. Learners’ voices, active involvement, cultural context and needs are fundamental to the development and delivery of CSE. The teaching method and content of sexuality education should meet the contemporary needs of the 21st century adolescent to ensure optimal sexual health.

scholarly journals Candida Coinfection among Patients with Pulmonary tuberculosis in the World; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Ghazalibina ◽  
Ali Shakerimoghaddam ◽  
Azad Khaledi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Early Diagnose

Abstract Background Diagnosis of fungal co-infections in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis has critical importance. In this review, we aimed to determine the prevalence of candida coinfection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods The present systematic review of cross-sectional studies was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) Protocol. Studies published online in English from January 2001 to March 2019 were assessed. Literature search was performed in Web of Science, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus databases using keywords combinations of “pulmonary fungal”, “pulmonary coinfection”, OR “pulmonary mycosis”, “pulmonary fungal infections/agents”, OR “polymicrobial infection”, OR “secondary infection”, OR “mixed infections”, “pulmonary candidiasis”, “fungi coinfection”, “fungal co-colonization”, AND “pulmonary tuberculosis”, OR “pulmonary TB”. Data was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated by Cochran's Q, and I 2 tests.Results The pooled global prevalence of candida coinfection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was 25.7% (95% CI: 23.7-27.9). C. albicans was the most prevalent Candida spp. with a pooled prevalence of 65.8% (95% CI: 54.3-75.7). Risk factors of candida coinfection included smoking, diabetes, advanced age, and low body mass index.Conclusion The present review showed the high rate of candida coinfection among patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. Adequate measures are necessary to early diagnose and treat these infections.

scholarly journals Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among primary healthcare workers in Johannesburg health district: High rate of underreporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins C.E. Mbah ◽  
Zuberu B. Elabor ◽  
Olufemi B. Omole
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bloodborne Infections ◽  
Contaminated Blood

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of bloodborne infections from sharp instrument injuries and skin and mucous membrane exposures to contaminated blood and body fluids (BBF). While these have clinical and occupational health implications, little is known about BBF exposure and its reporting pattern in South African primary healthcare (PHC). The aim of this study was to determine the rate of BBF exposure, the extent of reporting and the reasons for not reporting among HCWs in PHC facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa.Methods: In a cross-sectional study involving 444 participants, an 18-item, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, HCWs’ exposures to BBF in the last year, whether the exposure was reported and the reasons for not reporting. Analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square test.Results: Most participants were nurses (87.4%) and female (88.1%). About a quarter of participants (112) reported having at least one BBF exposure in the last year. Overall, there were 355 exposures, resulting in 0.8 BBF exposure per HCW per year. Of these exposures, 291 (82.0%) were not reported. Common reasons for not reporting include lack of time (42.72%), perception that the source patient was at low risk for human immunodeficiency virus (24.7%) and concerns about confidentiality (22.5%). Blood and body fluids exposures involving nurses (p 0.001), sharp instrument (p 0.001) and HCWs aged 50 years (p = 0.02) were significantly more likely to be reported.Conclusion: This study found a high rate of underreporting of BBF exposures among HCWs in PHC facilities in Johannesburg, suggesting an urgent need for interventions to improve reporting.

scholarly journals Awareness of prevention of teenage pregnancy amongst secondary school learners in Makhado municipality

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giliana M. Maxwell ◽  
Makondelele Radzilani-Makatu ◽  
James F. Takalani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
South African ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Background: Sexuality plays a very significant role in the lives of both boys and girls. It is, therefore, considered important for schools to recognise and accept sexuality as part of the development process of the child. Professor Kader Asmal (previous South African Minister of Education) suggested that the earlier the school begins to teach learners about sexuality, the better because they can be easily misled by their peers if proper guidance regarding their sexuality is not given.Aim: The current study was conducted to assess the awareness of teenagers on the prevention of teenage pregnancy (TP) in six secondary school learners situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province.Setting: The study was conducted at six secondary schools situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province in 2014.Methodology: A quantitative descriptive survey study was conducted where data were collected, using self-administered questionnaires, from 381 systematically sampled participants from six secondary schools situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province. Data were analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22.0. Necessary approval procedures and ethical clearance were obtained prior to data collection.Results: Ninety-four percent of participants agreed that TP can be prevented through abstaining from sex, whilst 65% of participants agreed that TP could be prevented by using contraceptives such as pills and injections. Eighty-three percent of participants agreed that T Pcould be prevented through the use of condoms. Seventy-four percent participants disagreed that bathing after sex prevents teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, 28% participants agreed that TP can be prevented by oral sex.Conclusion: The conclusion drawn was that learners are aware of the measures for preventing TP.Keywords: Effectiveness, Sexuality Education, Teenage Pregnancy, Teenagers.

A Review of Empirical Research on Global Talent Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Anlesinya ◽  
Kwasi Dartey-Baah ◽  
Kwesi Amponsah-Tawiah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Field

Global talent management as an academic field is regarded as a multi-disciplinary bridge field, which has recently emerged from the strategic international human resource management (HRM) and talent management fields as a critical strategic issue for multinational firms. While some literature reviews have been conducted on the topic, there is no systematic review of drivers, outcomes and challenges in empirical global talent management research. This study therefore provides a rigorous systematic review of empirical global talent management research from 2008 to 2017. The evidence reveals that global talent management can enhance multinational companies’ global mobility outcomes, employer attractiveness, competitiveness and performance. However, challenges, such as huge financial costs, high rate of turnover among global talents, localization difficulties, corporate culture, and adjustment problems, of expatriate spouses can undermine the effectiveness of global talent management practices and programmes. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the qualitative approach and cross-sectional design have dominated empirical research on the topic while only few studies have performed multi-level analysis. The findings urge stakeholders to adopt a more holistic and well-informed view while designing and implementing global talent management initiatives either as researchers or practitioners. It also implies that despite the substantial interest in global talent management, the field is still under-explored or under-researched. The study makes contribution by providing the first systematic review of empirical global talent management research.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Community Readiness Assessment for Implementing School-Based Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Islamabad, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Furqan Ahmed ◽  
Ghufran Ahmad ◽  
Katharina Paff ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Tilman Brand
Keyword(s):  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Community Readiness ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Comprehensive Sexuality Education ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
School Based

Evidence indicates that school-based sexuality education empowers children and adolescents with the skills, values, and attitudes that will enable them to appreciate their health and well-being, nourish respectful social and sexual relationships, understand their rights, and to make informed choices. Owing to organized community resistance and prevalent misconceptions, promoting sexual and reproductive health has been challenging, especially in conservative settings like Pakistan. This study aimed at systematically exploring communities’ perceptions regarding implementing school-based comprehensive sexuality education by conducting a cross-sectional community readiness assessment in Islamabad, Pakistan. A total of 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted with community key informants. Following the guidelines of the community readiness handbook, the interviews were transcribed and scored by two independent raters. The results indicate that, overall, the Islamabad community is at stage two of community readiness, the denial/resistance stage. Individual dimension scores indicate that knowledge of efforts, resources for efforts, knowledge about the issue, and leadership dimensions are at the denial/resistance stage. Only community climate was rated at stage three of community readiness, the vague awareness stage. This indicates that, for promoting sexuality education in the Pakistani context, it is essential to tackle resistance by sensitizing the community and the stakeholders through awareness campaigns.

scholarly journals Investigating the factor structure of the South African Personality Inventory – English version

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Morton ◽  
Carin Hill ◽  
Deon Meiring ◽  
Leon T. De Beer
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
English Version ◽  
The South ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Managerial Implication

Orientation: Most psychological measuring instruments developed in Western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic (W.E.I.R.D.) countries have been found to inadequately capture and represent personality outside the borders of these countries. Consequently, culturally informed or indigenous measuring instruments need to be developed.Research purpose: This study aimed to inspect whether an overlap exists between the empirical data obtained and the theoretical six-factor SAPI framework, providing evidence for an indigenous personality structure in a multi-cultural context.Motivation for the study: Psychological professionals in South Africa have been criticised for using culturally biased instruments that do not display an accurate representation of the 11 official cultural groups. The South African Personality Inventory (SAPI) aims to address these criticisms, highlighting the importance of establishing the cultural applicability of the model through model-fit analyses.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative, cross-sectional design was used to administer the SAPI-English version to a sample of employed, unemployed and employment-seeking South Africans (N = 3912). Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) was used to model the data.Main findings: The results revealed that the model was a good fit to the data and that the SAPI factors accurately represent personality in a multi-cultural context.Practical/managerial implication: Using a well-researched indigenous personality assessment like the SAPI can assist South African organisations to fairly and reliably assess people across the 11 official cultural groups.Contribution/value-add: This study advances the processes surrounding indigenous test development through the establishment of a personality model and measure that encapsulates personality traits exhibited in a multi-cultural context.

Comprehensive Sexuality Education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine Vanwesenbeeck
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Comprehensive Sexuality Education

Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is increasingly accepted as the most preferred way of structurally enhancing young peoples’ sexual and reproductive well-being. A historical development can be seen from “conventional,” health-based programs to empowerment-directed, rights-based approaches. Notably the latter have an enormous potential to enable young people to develop accurate and age-appropriate sexual knowledge, attitudes, skills, intentions, and behaviors that contribute to safe, healthy, positive, and gender-equitable relationships. There is ample evidence of program effectiveness, provided basic principles are adhered to in terms of content (e.g., adoption of a broad curriculum, including gender and rights as core elements) and delivery (e.g., learner centeredness). Additional and crucial levers of success are appropriate teacher training, the availability of sexual health services and supplies, and an altogether enabling (school, cultural, and political) context. CSE’s potential extends far beyond individual sexual health outcomes toward, for instance, school social climates and countries’ socioeconomic development. CSE is gaining worldwide political commitment, but a huge gap remains between political frameworks and actual implementation. For CSE to reach scale and its full potential, multicomponent approaches are called for that also address social, ideological, and infrastructural barriers on international, national, and local levels. CSE is a work never done. Current unfinished business comprises, among others, fighting persevering opposition, advancing equitable international cooperation, and realizing ongoing innovation in specific content, delivery, and research-methodological areas.

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