Errors of inclusion and exclusion in income-based provisioning of public healthcare: Problems associated with below poverty line cards

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Anoop Saraya ◽  
Vikas Bajpai ◽  
Namrata Singh ◽  
Hardik Sardana ◽  
Sanjana Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Public Healthcare

Il programma di eliminazione della filariasi linfatica in Bangladesh: un modello esportabile? / The lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in Bangladesh: an exportable model?

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-511
Author(s):  
Elena Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
International Health ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Community Clinic ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Elimination Programme

Nel 1971, al termine della sanguinosissima guerra di separazione dal Pakistan, il Bangladesh appariva un paese senza speranza. L’elevatissima crescita demografica -una delle maggiori al mondo- le calamità naturali quali alluvioni e tifoni, la povertà grave e diffusa - con una percentuale di popolazione sotto la soglia di povertà intorno al 30% - la situazione politica interna, con instabilità sociale e latenti conflitti etnici, rendevano il pronostico più che verosimile. A distanza di 40 anni, il BGD è riuscito a smentire in gran parte tale previsione, conseguendo successi nello sviluppo economico, nella salute pubblica e nella trasformazione sociale. Il controllo del tasso di fertilità, la lotta a “big killer” quali la TBC e la diarrea infantile, il miglioramento delle condizioni igieniche e la realizzazione di presidi sanitari territoriali di prima assistenza (community-clinic), efficaci campagne sanitarie, il contrasto di malattie endemiche, sono stati ottenuti grazie all’impiego coordinato delle misure sanitarie dei programmi internazionali. Risultati, questi, conseguiti attraverso una politica sanitaria basata su una proficua collaborazione tra il Ministero della salute nazionale (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), ONG, organismi sanitari internazionali, istituzioni e fondazioni internazionali. Il BGD ha così conseguito il traguardo della pressoché totale eliminazione delle malattie neglette endemiche nel paese (leishmaniosi viscerale, filariasi linfatica, dengue, lebbra, parassitosi intestinali – infezioni da elminti). L’articolo valuta i fattori che hanno caratterizzato il successo nel programma di eliminazione della filariasi linfatica. Dall’analisi di tali fattori è derivato un possibile modello di governance per la lotta alle malattie neglette in regioni endemiche comparabili sotto il profilo geo-politico. ---------- In 1971, at the end of the bloodstained separation war with Pakistan, Bangladesh appeared as a country without hope. The intense population growth – one of the highest in the world – natural disasters such as flooding and typhoons, acute and diffuse poverty – with a percentage of population below poverty line of 30% – the internal political scenario, with social instability and underlying ethnical conflicts – made this situation less likely to improve. 40 years later, Bangladesh succeeded in disproving such prevision, with a significant growth in economic development, public healthcare and social conditions. Birth control, countermeasures against “big killers” such as tuberculosis and diarrhea in babies, improvement of hygienic conditions and the implementation of local emergency units (community-clinic), effective sanitary campaigns and prevention of endemic diseases have been accomplished thanks to the coordinated use of sanitary measures in international programmes. Results obtained through a sanitary policy based on fruitful collaborations among the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, NGOs, international health organizations, international institutions and foundations. This way Bangladesh achieved the result of an almost total elimination of neglected endemic disease in the country (visceral leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, plague, intestinal parasitosys – helminth infections). The article analyses the factors contributing to the success of the Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme. The study of such factors permitted to identify a governance model for fighting neglected diseases in endemic regions with similar geo-political environments.

scholarly journals Health and poverty linkages for population just above the poverty line-A study done in slums of Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Awasthi ◽  
Monika Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
The Government ◽  
Jaipur City

Abstract Universal Health Coverage, as a milestone of Sustainable Development Goal − 3 has its own predefined limitations for a resource constraint economy. Underdeveloped and developing nations are not in a position to provide critical and crucial health services to all its citizens and those who remain uncovered are likely to face financial hardships. Division of limited resources is never easy andchoosing which services to offer and to whom in order to benefit the weaker sections becomes a complex choice. This study examines, that despite the availability of health systems and insurance schemes, does a vulnerable sections of the societyremains unprotected against Catastrophic Health Expenditure. Is catastrophic health expenditure leading to impoverishment in urban poor of Jaipur city? Primary data was collected from 426 households of urban slums of Jaipur City. It was found that of all the households, 8.1 percent households incurred Catastrophic Health Expenditure. The mean excess of expenditure over the defined threshold (i.e. 40 percent of non-subsistence household expenditure) was 33 percent for households which incurred Catastrophic Health Expenditure. There was a significant association between increased health expenditure and curtailment in expenditure on food and clothing by households, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 respectively. There was a significant rise in impoverishment in urban slums because of out of pocket expenditures on health. There was an absolute 1 percent rise (2.8 percent to 3.8 percent) in poverty on the basis of National Poverty Line and 2.6 percent (37.1 percent to 39.7 percent) when International Poverty Line estimates were taken. Increase in normalized mean positive poverty gap from 29.8 percent to 45.3 percent, indicates the deepening of poverty among existing poor. The result indicates massive discrepancy in estimates of poverty 2.8 percent on National poverty standards and 37.1 percent on International poverty standards. Poverty ratio, as low as 2.8 percent among urban slum (the acknowledged poorer section) based on National Poverty Line indicates need of developing a sensitive poverty standards. Urban slum dwellers of Jaipur are forced to spend more on day-to-day household items because of higher cost of living of the city. This led to an underestimation of the number of poor on National poverty line basis. Lack of considerations of regional variables and factors while designing health schemes is evident. This raises an argument in favor of recognizing local factors while designing the social insurance schemes. Evidence based selection of healthcare delivery system - assurance, insurance or mixed is required. The approach must enable the Government to control quality and cost of the healthcare at the same time. In the present scenario, assurance (healthcare services by Public Healthcare Facilities) approach may not only improve the accessibility but also will control the cost of healthcare for the entire population. In place of putting two parallel systems insurance or assurance, the Government should focus to invest funds and efforts in one system. To strengthen the assurance of public health care ‘Right based approach to Health’ may be adopted.This will result in long term protection of its citizens.

Tennessee Education Savings Account: Tipping the Scales From Equity to Choice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Erin Curtin
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
School Choice ◽  
State Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Comprehensive Education ◽  
Policy Window ◽  
Federal Poverty Line ◽  
Scholarship Program ◽  
Shelby County ◽  
K 12

This article provides an analysis of Tennessee’s newly signed Education Savings Account policy, a school choice initiative. The policy provides vouchers, in the form of a debit card, to students in grades K-12 who are at or below 200% of the federal poverty line and are zoned to attend a Nashville, Shelby County, or Achievement School District school. Using the Policy Window Framework the author uncovers that the policy was created in a federal and state-level political convergence, which attempted to place equity at the forefront of the issue. However, using Levin's Comprehensive Education Privatization Framework, we can see that neoliberal ideals of choice and efficiency conquer equity in the finalized policy. The author predicts the outcomes of this new policy using this framework in tandem with 3 case studies: Louisiana Scholarship Program, DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, and Tennessee’s Individualized Education Accounts.

Knowledge and Communication of the National Core Standards Tool

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Thembisile Maphumulo ◽  
Busisiwe Bhengu
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Professional Nurses

The National Department of Health in South Africa has introduced the National Core Standards (NCS) tool to improve the quality of healthcare delivery in all public healthcare institutions. Knowledge of the NCS tool is essential among healthcare providers. This study investigated the level of knowledge on NCS and how the NCS tool was communicated among professional nurses. This was a cross-sectional survey study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select hospitals that only offered tertiary services in KwaZulu-Natal. Six strata of departments were selected using simple stratified sampling. The population of professional nurses in the selected hospitals was 3 050. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit 543 participants. The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 25. The study showed that only 16 (3.7%) respondents had knowledge about NCS, using McDonald’s standard of learning outcome measured criteria regarding the NCS tool. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the communication and knowledge was r = 0.055. The results revealed that although the communication scores for the respondents were high their knowledge scores remained low. This study concluded that there is a lack of knowledge regarding the NCS tool and therefore healthcare institutions need to commit themselves to the training of professional nurses regarding the NCS tool. The findings suggest that healthcare institutions implement the allocation of incentives for nurses that attend the workshops for NCS.

Penerapan Weighted Sum Model (WSM) Dalam Penentuan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Suginam Suginam ◽  
Surya Darma Nasution ◽  
Andsyah Putera Utama Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Community Health Insurance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting

Community Health Insurance is one of the government programs for the people of Indonesia in obtaining treatment services at Puskesmas. The program is very helpful for people who are low income and live below the poverty line. Indicators for the government in providing this service consists of 10 (ten) criteria that are House Ownership Status, Floor Area per Household Member, Type of Floor of House, Type of Wall House, Lighting House Used, Fuel Used, Frequency Of Eating In A Day, Ability Buy meat/chicken/milk in a week, Employment of head of household, Education of head of household. In the application, of course, has constraints in deciding who the participants who get the Jamkesmas service. With the application of one of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) able to overcome obstacles faced by government. Some methods of MCDM such as Simple Additive Weighting(SAW), Weighted Product(WP), Weighted Sum Model(WSM) can solve this problem. By applying the WSM is relatively easy and fast, is believed to be able to get the best results.

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

Enzyme-Instructed Self-assembly in Biological Milieu for Theranostics Purpose

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhentao Huang ◽  
Qingxin Yao ◽  
Simin Wei ◽  
Jiali Chen ◽  
Yuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Enzymatic Conversion ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biological Milieu

Precision medicine is in an urgent need for public healthcare. Among the past several decades, the flourishing development in nanotechnology significantly advances the realization of precision nanomedicine. Comparing to well-documented nanoparticlebased strategy, in this review, we focus on the strategy using enzyme instructed selfassembly (EISA) in biological milieu for theranostics purpose. In principle, the design of small molecules for EISA requires two aspects: (1) the substrate of enzyme of interest; and (2) self-assembly potency after enzymatic conversion. This strategy has shown its irreplaceable advantages in nanomedicne, specifically for cancer treatments and Vaccine Adjuvants. Interestingly, all the reported examples rely on only one kind of enzymehydrolase. Therefore, we envision that the application of EISA strategy just begins and will lead to a new paradigm in nanomedicine.

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