Correlation between salivary cortisol levels and dental anxiety in children of smokers and nonsmokers

ABSTRACT Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate salivary cortisol levels in children of smokers and nonsmokers and thereby establishing the relationship between cortisol levels in response to anxiety in children based on their father's habit of smoking. Materials and Methods: The study population aged between 8 and 10 years includes two groups. Group 1 is comprised 20 children of cigarette smokers and Group 2 is comprised 20 children of nonsmokers. The passive drooling technique was used to collect unstimulated saliva from the children using a sterile container. Salivary cortisol levels were evaluated using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software and paired t-test. Results: Higher mean salivary cortisol levels were found in children of smokers compared to children of nonsmokers and the difference between them was significant statistically (P < 0.05). Higher salivary cortisol levels were found in females compared to males and the result was significant statistically (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study has proved that the smoking habit of the father has a negative influence on the anxiety levels of their children.

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The Evaluation of Dental Anxiety in Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study from Romania

Children ◽

10.3390/children7100158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Ramona Vlad ◽

Anca Maria Pop ◽

Peter Olah ◽

Monica Monea

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Dental Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Current Data ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Salivary Cortisol Level ◽

Cortisol Levels

Current data report that high levels of dental anxiety in children have a negative impact on oral health. The aim of this study was to measure dental anxiety, based on the Abeer Children Dental Anxiety Scale (ACDAS) used as a self-reported measure and to correlate its values with the salivary cortisol levels. The study was conducted in 2019 and included 389 children aged 6–9 years old; evaluation of dental anxiety and saliva sampling were performed. The influence of gender on the presence of dental anxiety was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, the salivary cortisol level was compared between anxious and non-anxious children and was further correlated with the ACDAS score (p < 0.05). Girls had higher odds of experiencing dental anxiety (odds ratio: 1.533, p = 0.041). Salivary cortisol levels were higher in anxious compared to non-anxious children (median 1.251 vs. 1.091 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and showed a positive moderate correlation with the ACDAS score (r = 0.411, p < 0.001). Children aged 6–9 years have a high prevalence of dental anxiety, with girls being more susceptible to this condition. Salivary cortisol levels are higher in anxious children and correlate positively with the ACDAS score, proving that ACDAS can be used for the detection of dental anxiety.

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The Effect of Alkaline Water and Sodium Ascorbate on Glucose and Cortisol Levels During Acute Hyperthermic Stress in White Laboratory Rats

Macedonian Veterinary Review ◽

10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Valdrina Ajeti ◽

Slagjana Brsakoska ◽

Vasilka Rendjova ◽

Marija Angelovski ◽

Icko Gjorgoski

Keyword(s):

Colorimetric Method ◽

The Body ◽

Sodium Ascorbate ◽

Assay Method ◽

White Female ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Alkaline Water ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Cortisol Levels

Abstract Stress can be a reason for some physiological and biological disorders in the body. The antioxidative defense system is necessary for the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the organisms. Alkaline water (AW) is in the focus of the scientific interest due to its antioxidative effect. The treatment with AW and sodium ascorbate (SA) is expected to have potential preventive effect on the organism to hyperthermic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AW and SA on glucose and cortisol levels during acute hyperthermic stress, in white female Wistar laboratory rats. The rats were divided into three groups, each having 10 subjects. They were exposed in hyperthermic conditions (41˚C) for 80 min, in 21 consecutive days in order to induce oxidative stress. The first group received drinkable water (control group), the second AW, and the third, AW and SA. Plasma glucose levels were determined by colorimetric method. Cortisol level was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA). The means were compared using the Tukey test. Differences were considered significant at a level of p<0.05. Our results showed that levels of glucose and cortisol were significantly higher in the group treated with AW on the 21st day after treatment (p<0.0001), but not on the 7th and 14th day as compared to the control group. Also, co-treatment of animals with AW and SA had significantly increased the levels of glucose and cortisol on the 21st day after treatment, indicating a synergistic effect. In conclusion, the individual action of AW or in synergism with SA caused a high protective effect on oxidative damage in white Wistar laboratory rats.

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Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Dark Chocolate on Salivary Cortisol and Mood in Adults

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8060149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 149 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Catherine Tsang ◽

Lindsay Hodgson ◽

Anna Bussu ◽

Grace Farhat ◽

Emad Al-Dujaili

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Care Setting ◽

Social Care ◽

Dark Chocolate ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Small Scale ◽

Health And Social Care ◽

Cortisol Levels

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ingestion of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate improved salivary cortisol levels and subjective mood states in adults recruited from a health and social care setting. Twenty-six participants ingested 25 g/day of a high polyphenol dark chocolate (containing 500 mg of total flavonoids) or a similar amount of a control dark chocolate containing negligible flavonoids for four weeks. Twenty-four-hour salivary glucocorticoid levels (cortisol and cortisone) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and subjective mood was assessed using a validated Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. Total daily cortisol, morning cortisol, and the cortisol/cortisone ratio were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) after ingestion of only the high polyphenol dark chocolate. There were no significant differences between groups for overall scores for positive affect and negative affect. No changes were observed after the control dark chocolate, or any other parameter measured. In conclusion, the findings from this small-scale study indicate lowering of salivary cortisol levels following polyphenol-rich dark chocolate in adults recruited from a health and social care setting. Such changes may be attributable to their ability to inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity and warrant further investigation.

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Salivary Cortisol as a Biomarker of Stress in Mothers and their Low Birth Weight Infants and Sample Collecting Challenges

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/jomb-2015-0015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 118-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Milica Ranković Janevski ◽

Ana Đorđević Vujičić ◽

Svjetlana Maglajić Đukić

Keyword(s):

Cortisol Level ◽

Stress Reduction ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Before And After ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

The Difference

Summary Background: Salivary cortisol measurement is a non-invasive method suitable for use in neonatal research. Mother-infant separation after birth represents stress and skin-to-skin contact (SSC) has numerous benefits. The aim of the study was to measure salivary cortisol in mothers and newborns before and after SSC in order to assess the effect of SSC on mothers’ and infants’ stress and to estimate the efficacy of collecting small saliva samples in newborns. Methods: Salivary cortisol was measured in 35 mother-infant pairs before and after the first and the fifth SSC in small saliva samples (50 μL) using the high sensitivity Quantitative ELISA-Kit (0.0828 nmol/L) for low cortisol levels detection. Samples were collected with eye sponge during 3 to 5 minutes. Results: Cortisol level in mothers decreased after SSC: the highest levels were measured before and the lowest after SSC and the differences in values were significant during both the first (p<0.001) and the fifth SSC (p<0.001). During the first SSC the cortisol level decrease was detected in 14 (40%) and an increase in 21 (60%) newborns, and during the fifth SSC a decrease was detected in 16 (45.7%) and an increase in 19 (54.3%) newborns, without confirmed significance of the difference. Saliva sampling efficacy using eye sponge was 75%. Conclusions: Cortisol level decrease in mothers proves the stress reduction during SSC, while variable cortisol levels in infants do not indicate stress reduction and imply the need for further research. The used sampling method appeared to be one of the most optimal considering the sample volume, sampling time and efficacy.

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Changes in blood chemistry values of the cattle with associative course of leukemia and brucellosis

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20202700137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 00137

Author(s):

Vasiliy Vlasenko ◽

Sayat Baiseitov ◽

Valentina Pleshakova ◽

Irina Alekseeva

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Leukemia Virus ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Carrier State ◽

Metabolic Process ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

The Difference ◽

Group 2

This paper describes the results obtained when the characteristics of metabolic process changes in leukemia, including brucellosis-complicated leukemia, were studied. To do it, 50 blood serum samples were taken from cows with specific antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV) under the results of immunological diffusion reactions (IDR), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples were serologically tested to detect a number of bacterial infections resulted in a possibility to establish that the BLV carrier state in most animals is combined with a bacterial infection, especially brucellosis (46%), chlamydia (20%), paratuberculosis (12%) and campylobacteriosis (8 %). At the next stage, 3 groups of 10 animals each were formed to study the metabolic process level, i.e. clinical healthy animals with no specific antibodies revealed during diagnostic tests for leukemia and other infections (Group 1); BLV carriers (Group 2); brucellosisand virus carrier animals (Group 3). Analysis of the blood chemistry values obtained for the experimental groups showed an uneven path of changes, especially for the protein and fat metabolism parameters. The difference was in albumin and cholesterol concentrations reduced in BLV infected animals, while their level was significantly increased in animals with leukemia associated with brucellosis, on the contrary.

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Effect of music at 432 Hz and 440 Hz on dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction: a randomized clinical trial

Journal of Applied Oral Science ◽

10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0601 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Christian ARAVENA ◽

Camila ALMONACID ◽

Marcelo Ignacio MANCILLA

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Tooth Extraction ◽

Dental Anxiety ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Evaluation of the Salivary Level of Cortisol in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Meta-Analysis

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55050213 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pia Lopez-Jornet ◽

Elisa Zavattaro ◽

Hamid Reza Mozaffari ◽

Mazaher Ramezani ◽

Masoud Sadeghi

Keyword(s):

Lichen Planus ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Salivary Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

Oral Lichen

Background and objective: Cortisol, as the main human glucocorticoid, is considered to be a biological marker of stress and anxiety. Since it is known that oral lichen planus (OLP) can appear and worsen during stressful events, cortisol levels have been previously studied in OLP patients. The present meta-analysis aims to assess the salivary concentration of cortisol in OLP patients compared to healthy controls. Materials and methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched up to October 2018. The RevMan 5.3 software was used with the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The CMA 2.0 Software was used to evaluate the publication bias, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression as possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: 10 studies were analyzed and a total of 269 OLP patients and 268 controls were included. The pooled MD of the salivary levels of cortisol in OLP patients compared with controls was 4.27 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.33, 6.21; P < 0.0001), thus, the salivary level of cortisol in OLP patients was significantly higher than in controls. In Indian-based population studies, a significant difference in the salivary cortisol levels in OLP patients compared with controls was detected (MD = 5.62 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.67, 8.56; P = 0.0002). In addition, a significant difference in the salivary cortisol levels in the OLP patients compared with the controls was obtained in studies performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (MD = 5.33 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.72, 7.93; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: We suggest that supportive psychological treatment together with the conventional therapy could increase patients’ capability to prevent stress, anxiety, and depression.

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Dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels before urgent dental care

Journal of Oral Science ◽

10.2334/josnusd.51.515 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 515-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Kazue Kanegane ◽

Sibele S. Penha ◽

Carolina D. Munhoz ◽

Rodney G. Rocha

Keyword(s):

Dental Care ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Dental Anxiety ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Use of Western Blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays to Assist in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.88.3.465 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 465-470

Author(s):

Carlos D. Rose ◽

Paul T. Fawcett ◽

Bernhard H. Singsen ◽

Sharon B. Dubbs ◽

Robert A. Doughty

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Western Blot ◽

Clinical History ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

History Of ◽

Study Population ◽

Group 2 ◽

Clinical Dilemma ◽

Group 1

Without evidence of erythema chronicum migrans, diagnostic confirmation of Lyme disease may be difficult, particularly if there are conflicting laboratory results. Often, for families and physicians, the clinical dilemma is whether fatigue, arthritis/arthralgias, a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and tick exposure, but no evidence of erythema chronicum migrans, are sufficient to diagnose and treat Lyme disease. Patients with discordant ELISA and Western blot (WB) assay results for Borrelia burgdorferi were studied to determine whether there was sufficient clinical evidence to support a diagnosis of Lyme disease. Of 650 consecutive sera analyzed by ELISA in a laboratory within a 1-year period, 77 were subsequently tested by WB. The clinical data from these patients were then analyzed. The study population was divided into three groups: group 1 (positive ELISA, positive WB), group 2 (positive ELISA, negative WB), and group 3 (negative ELISA, negative WB). Findings included the following: (1) Patients with a strong clinical history of Lyme disease were usually positive by both WB and ELISA (group 1). (2) All patients with erythema chronicum migrans had both positive WB and ELISA tests. (3) Ninety-one percent of group 2 had a rheumatic or inflammatory condition other than Lyme disease. (4) A definite response to antibiotics occurred in 75% of patients wherein both ELISA and WB were positive but in only 11% of cases with a positive ELISA but a negative WB. (5) History of tick exposure and degree of fever were not significantly different among the three serologic groups, and thus they were not diagnostically helpful. It is concluded that (1) positive results from both the WB and ELISA assays provide strong diagnostic support for Lyme disease; and (2) a positive ELISA test, particularly if at a low titer and without a positive WB test, is associated with a lack of clinical features of Lyme disease. Thus, Western blotting is helpful in identifying false-positive ELISA results for Lyme disease.

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