In vitro ruminal methane suppression by lauric acid as influenced by dietary calcium

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Machmüller ◽  
C. R. Soliva ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Fiber Fermentation

The effect of Ca supplementation on the methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid was investigated in an experiment based on a 2 × 2-factorial arrangement using the in vitro system Rusitec. Additional Ca was supplemented at 1 g kg-1 diet in the form of compounds of relatively low solubility in rumen fluid. Lauric acid (C12:0), the predominant effective medium-chain fatty acid in coconut oil, was added at a level of 50 g kg-1. Adding C12:0 did not affect bacterial count, but eliminated ciliate protozoa from fermenters. Ammonia concentration in fermentation mixture declined and volatile fatty acid pattern changed with C12:0. The apparent degradation rate of total organic matter was not altered by C12:0, but fiber fermentation was depressed (P < 0.001). Effects of Ca on microbial counts and fermentation characteristics remained low. Without additional Ca, C12:0 reduced the average daily methane release (mmol g-1 organic matter degraded) by 76%. In comparison, C12:0 only reduced methane production by 47% when additional Ca was included in the diet (interaction of C12:0 and Ca, P < 0.05). The present results suggest that the dietary content of soap-forming Ca has to be kept low in order to achieve a high methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid. Key words: Methane, lauric acid, lipids, calcium, Rusitec, ruminants

scholarly journals Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Coconut

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xia
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Coconut Palm ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Fatty Acid Accumulation

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L) is an economically important monocot plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Coconut oil is stored in a solid endosperm and has 47.48–50.5% fatty acid component as lauric acid (C12:0). Present research showed that acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FatA/B) and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LAAPT) are key enzymes determining medium-chain fatty acid accumulation in coconut oil. Among five CnFatB genes, CnFatB3 expressed specifically in endosperm and in vitro experiment showed that this gene made mainly lauric acid (C12:0) and tetradecenoic acid (C14:1). Overexpression of CnFatB3 in Arabidopsis increased the amounts of C12:0 and C14:0 in transgenic plant. CnLPAAT gene that is expressed specifically in coconut endosperm showed a preference for using acyl-CoAs containing C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 acyl groups as acyl-donor substrates. Coconut and oil palm are closely related species with approximately 50% lauric acid (C12:0) in their endosperm. The two species have a close evolutionary relationship between predominant gene isoforms and high conservation of gene expression bias in the lipid metabolism pathways. Moreover, since no stable transformation system has been constructed in coconut palm, gene function validations have been done in vitro, or genes transformed into a heterologous system.

scholarly journals The degradation and utilization of formaldehyde-treated urea by rumen microbes in vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Tungstic Acid ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Rumen Microbes

Urea was treated with different levels of formaldehyde (HCHO). The HCHO percentages, on a weight basis, were 0(F0), 0.25 (F0.25) 0.50 (F0.50), 0.75 (F0.75), 1.0 (F1.0), 1.5 (F1.5), 2.0 (F2.0), 3.0 (F3.0) and 5.0(F5.0). Twenty milligrams of urea was incubated for 5 hours in 40 ml of sheep rumen fluid-buffer solution (1:1) together with 1.5 grams of substrate. The substrate consisted of vacuum-dried and milled feeds: barley (25 %), molassed beet pulp (25 %) and NaOH-treated straw (50 %). The feeds and urea were used in the same proportions as in the diet of the sheep which yielded the rumen fluid for incubation. Treatment with HCHO decreased hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. The ammonia concentration in contents offer mentors 2 hours after the start of incubation had a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.976, n = 72) with the HCHO treatment level. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated from tungstic acid - sulphuric acid precipitation. Synthesis of protein, expressed as grams of nitrogen per 100 grams fermented organic matter was highest when F1.5-F3.0 urea was used. Treatment with more than 3 % of HCHO decreased the number of protozoa and the general activity of the microbes, thus decreasing fermentation of organic matter and lowering the yield of microbial protein. When F1.5 urea was used, the total yield (mg protein/hr) was significantly higher than with untreated urea, but the results obtained with F1.5 urea did not differ significantly from those with F0.75 or F2.0 urea.

Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: effects on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Hess ◽  
L. M. Monsalve ◽  
C. E. Lascano ◽  
J. E. Carulla ◽  
T. E. Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Methane Release ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Sapindus Saponaria ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

In two in vitro experiments with the RUSITEC-apparatus, Brachiaria dictyoneura was tested alone and with legumes at dietary proportions of 1/3, 2/3, or 3/3 of Arachis pintoi (Expt 1) and 1/3 of Arachis pintoi, Cratylia argentea, or Calliandra calothyrsus (Expt 2). In Expt 2, all diets were evaluated with and without 80 mg/g diet of Sapindus saponaria fruits. In Expt 1, the stepwise replacement of the grass by A. pintoi curvi-linearly increased rumen fluid concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, bacteria, and protozoa. Methane release rates were 1.7, 7.3, 8.8, and 9.0�mmol/day. With increasing legume proportion, more organic matter and protein were degraded, the latter being only partially recovered as ammonia. In Expt 2, 1/3 of A. pintoi basically had the same effects as in Expt 1. Cratylia argentea was less effective in modifying the fermentation pattern. In association with a higher nutrient degradation and rumen ammonia concentration, C. argentea and A. pintoi increased methane release to about 3- and 4-fold levels. Calliandra calothyrsus reduced nutrient degradation and methane release per gram of organic matter degraded. Tannins, predominant in C. calothyrsus, might have affected methanogenesis. Sapindus saponaria reduced methanogenesis by 11% on average in grass-alone and legume-supplemented diets.

The prediction of digestibility by rumen fluid and enzymatic methods

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Peter Young ◽  
F. P. O'Mara ◽  
M. Rath ◽  
P. J. Caffrey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Enzymatic Methods

Rumen fluid and cellulase based techniques are widely used to predict the digestibility of compound feeds and their ingredients. Recently gammanase enzymes have been added to some cellulase based techniques (Dowman, 1993; De Boever et al., 1994). Few comparisons of these techniques have involved by-product concentrate ingredients. The objective of this experiment was to compare the ability of three techniques, in vitro rumen fluid (RF), pepsin cellulase gammanase (PCG), and neutral detergent cellulase gammanase (NCDG), to predict the in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD) of concentrate ingredients.

scholarly journals The Effect of Multistage Ammoniation on Fiber Fraction and Digestibility of Maize Stover in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dakaew ◽  
A. Abrar ◽  
A. Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fiber Fraction ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover in vitro. Maize stover was treated by a multistage technique of different urea connect ration (8%, 4%, and 2%) and incubation for 14 days at room temperature.Digestibility of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and pH concentration were observed. However treatment maize stover and multistage ammoniation maize stover were composed by using T-test student as the statistic. There were not significantly different on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover. However, multistage ammoniation decreased ADF fraction by 56.67% to45.39%. The DM digestibility of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also increased by 35.18 to 45.91. The total VFA and N-ammonia of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also higher than control.Keywords: Ammoniation, Digestibility, in vitro, Maize stover

Effect of treatment with sodium hydroxide on the feeding value of oat and rape straw for sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
JG Mulholland ◽  
RI Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rape Straw ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Naoh Treatment

Oat and rape straws were treated with NaOH (70 and 40 g kg-1, respectively) by spraying with NaOH solutions (20 or 12.5% w/w), consolidating the sprayed straw into stacks, and storing under plastic. After storage for up to 60 weeks, in vitro digestibilities had been approximately doubled, although it appeared that the reaction was complete by 4 weeks. Potential digestibility of straw organic matter estimated by a polyester bag technique, was increased by c. 0.1 by NaOH treatment but the rate of digestion in the rumen was not changed. Following storage, treated and untreated straws were dried, ground, mixed with supplements and pelleted for feeding to sheep. Mixtures of treated or untreated oat straw, minerals, c. 3% urea and 0, 14, 28 or 42% starch were fed to mature wethers. The main effects of NaOH treatment of straw were to increase water intake, digestibilities of organic matter and cellulose, and rumen volatile fatty acid levels, and decrease rumen ammonia levels. Low intakes of NaOH-straw with no added starch were associated with high rumen pH (> 7.5 , probably due to unreacted alkali (equivalent to 23 g NaOH kg-1). Inclusion of starch, but not NaOH-straw treatment, improved dietary N utilization, although mean N balances were negative (- 5.5 to - 0.1 g day-1) on all diets. Feeding treated straw increased the amounts of Na eaten, and of Na and P apparently absorbed; the extra absorption was accounted for by increased urinary excretion so that retention was not increased. When diets of rape straw supplemented with urea and minerals were fed to 2-year-old wethers, NaOH treatment of straw increased intakes of food and water, organic matter digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration and N balance.

scholarly journals Associations between residual feed intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane-producing activity, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in growing beef cattle1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3550-3561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R Johnson ◽  
Gordon E Carstens ◽  
Wimberly K Krueger ◽  
Phillip A Lancaster ◽  
Erin G Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and DM and nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane production, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in growing beef cattle. Residual feed intake was measured in growing Santa Gertrudis steers (Study 1; n = 57; initial BW = 291.1 ± 33.8 kg) and Brangus heifers (Study 2; n = 468; initial BW = 271.4 ± 26.1 kg) fed a high-roughage-based diet (ME = 2.1 Mcal/kg DM) for 70 d in a Calan-gate feeding barn. Animals were ranked by RFI based on performance and feed intake measured from day 0 to 70 (Study 1) or day 56 (Study 2) of the trial, and 20 animals with the lowest and highest RFI were identified for subsequent collections of fecal and feed refusal samples for DM and nutrient digestibility analysis. In Study 2, rumen fluid and feces were collected for in vitro methane-producing activity (MPA) and VFA analysis in trials 2, 3, and 4. Residual feed intake classification did not affect BW or BW gain (P &gt; 0.05), but low-RFI steers and heifers both consumed 19% less (P &lt; 0.01) DMI compared with high-RFI animals. Steers with low RFI tended (P &lt; 0.1) to have higher DM digestibility (DMD) compared with high-RFI steers (70.3 vs. 66.5 ± 1.6% DM). Heifers with low RFI had 4% higher DMD (76.3 vs. 73.3 ± 1.0% DM) and 4 to 5% higher (P &lt; 0.01) CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility compared with heifers with high RFI. Low-RFI heifers emitted 14% less (P &lt; 0.01) methane (% GE intake; GEI) calculated according to Blaxter and Clapperton (1965) as modified by Wilkerson et al. (1995), and tended (P = 0.09) to have a higher rumen acetate:propionate ratio than heifers with high RFI (GEI = 5.58 vs. 6.51 ± 0.08%; A:P ratio = 5.02 vs. 4.82 ± 0.14%). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that apparent nutrient digestibilities (DMD and NDF digestibility) for Study 1 and Study 2 accounted for an additional 8 and 6%, respectively, of the variation in intake unaccounted for by ADG and mid-test BW0.75. When DMD, NDF digestibility, and total ruminal VFA were added to the base model for Study 2, trials 2, 3, and 4, the R2 increased from 0.33 to 0.47, explaining an additional 15% of the variation in DMI unrelated to growth and body size. On the basis of the results of these studies, differences in observed phenotypic RFI in growing beef animals may be a result of inter-animal variation in apparent nutrient digestibility and ruminal VFA concentrations.

scholarly journals In vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production of tropical perennial grass species

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belete Shenkute Gemeda ◽  
Abubeker Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study characterised 16 tropical perennial grass species in terms of in vitro methane output and related their digestibility and rumen fermentation with methane output. The grass samples were collected, dried in a forced oven, and ground and analysed for nutrient composition. In vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure gas production through in vitro incubation at 39°C. Anthephora argentea and Stipagrostis ciliate produced the highest concentration of methane in terms of g kg–1 digestible dry matter (DDM) and g kg–1 digestible organic matter (IVOMD). Cenchrus ciliaris, Setaria verticillata and Panicum coloratum produced the lowest (P < 0.05) methane when expressed in terms of g kg–1 DDM and g kg–1 IVOMD. Ash, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, and crude protein were negatively correlated with methane production. Methane production positively correlated with neutral and acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is important to focus on screening and selecting perennial grass with higher nitrogen content and low methane production to mitigate methane production under tropical conditions.

The prediction of digestibility by rumen fluid and enzymatic methods

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Peter Young ◽  
F. P. O'Mara ◽  
M. Rath ◽  
P. J. Caffrey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Enzymatic Methods

Rumen fluid and cellulase based techniques are widely used to predict the digestibility of compound feeds and their ingredients. Recently gammanase enzymes have been added to some cellulase based techniques (Dowman, 1993; De Boever et al., 1994). Few comparisons of these techniques have involved by-product concentrate ingredients. The objective of this experiment was to compare the ability of three techniques, in vitro rumen fluid (RF), pepsin cellulase gammanase (PCG), and neutral detergent cellulase gammanase (NCDG), to predict the in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD) of concentrate ingredients.

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