scholarly journals Associations between residual feed intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane-producing activity, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in growing beef cattle1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3550-3561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R Johnson ◽  
Gordon E Carstens ◽  
Wimberly K Krueger ◽  
Phillip A Lancaster ◽  
Erin G Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and DM and nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane production, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in growing beef cattle. Residual feed intake was measured in growing Santa Gertrudis steers (Study 1; n = 57; initial BW = 291.1 ± 33.8 kg) and Brangus heifers (Study 2; n = 468; initial BW = 271.4 ± 26.1 kg) fed a high-roughage-based diet (ME = 2.1 Mcal/kg DM) for 70 d in a Calan-gate feeding barn. Animals were ranked by RFI based on performance and feed intake measured from day 0 to 70 (Study 1) or day 56 (Study 2) of the trial, and 20 animals with the lowest and highest RFI were identified for subsequent collections of fecal and feed refusal samples for DM and nutrient digestibility analysis. In Study 2, rumen fluid and feces were collected for in vitro methane-producing activity (MPA) and VFA analysis in trials 2, 3, and 4. Residual feed intake classification did not affect BW or BW gain (P > 0.05), but low-RFI steers and heifers both consumed 19% less (P < 0.01) DMI compared with high-RFI animals. Steers with low RFI tended (P < 0.1) to have higher DM digestibility (DMD) compared with high-RFI steers (70.3 vs. 66.5 ± 1.6% DM). Heifers with low RFI had 4% higher DMD (76.3 vs. 73.3 ± 1.0% DM) and 4 to 5% higher (P < 0.01) CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility compared with heifers with high RFI. Low-RFI heifers emitted 14% less (P < 0.01) methane (% GE intake; GEI) calculated according to Blaxter and Clapperton (1965) as modified by Wilkerson et al. (1995), and tended (P = 0.09) to have a higher rumen acetate:propionate ratio than heifers with high RFI (GEI = 5.58 vs. 6.51 ± 0.08%; A:P ratio = 5.02 vs. 4.82 ± 0.14%). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that apparent nutrient digestibilities (DMD and NDF digestibility) for Study 1 and Study 2 accounted for an additional 8 and 6%, respectively, of the variation in intake unaccounted for by ADG and mid-test BW0.75. When DMD, NDF digestibility, and total ruminal VFA were added to the base model for Study 2, trials 2, 3, and 4, the R2 increased from 0.33 to 0.47, explaining an additional 15% of the variation in DMI unrelated to growth and body size. On the basis of the results of these studies, differences in observed phenotypic RFI in growing beef animals may be a result of inter-animal variation in apparent nutrient digestibility and ruminal VFA concentrations.

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

scholarly journals Preliminary results of in vitro digestion of some plants utilized by Kalahari ungulates

Koedoe ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W Van Hoven ◽  
Elizabeth A Boomker ◽  
G. C. De Beer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Percentage Protein

Five species of ungulates are compared with respect to digestibility and energy production of some plants found in their diet. Blue wildebeest prefer Stipagrostis obtusa which is well digested and produces little methane in autumn. However, Schmidtia kalahariensis is a better source of energy for wildebeest during the winter. Stipagrostis obtusa is also well digested by gemsbok, but is not a good energy source for eland. The relationship between volatile fatty acid energy gain and methane energy lost is typical for each ungulate species. Only during spring was a correlation found between the percentage digestibility and percentage protein in the plants and then only for eland and springbok.

scholarly journals In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Debevere ◽  
An Cools ◽  
Siegrid De Baere ◽  
Geert Haesaert ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Better Than

Ruminants are generally considered to be less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as the rumen microbiota are capable of detoxifying some of these toxins. Despite this potential degradation, mycotoxin-associated subclinical health problems are seen in dairy cows. In this research, the disappearance of several mycotoxins was determined in an in vitro rumen model and the effect of realistic concentrations of those mycotoxins on fermentation was assessed by volatile fatty acid production. In addition, two hypotheses were tested: (1) a lower rumen pH leads to a decreased degradation of mycotoxins and (2) rumen fluid of lactating cows degrade mycotoxins better than rumen fluid of non-lactating cows. Maize silage was spiked with a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatin B (ENN B), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and zearalenone (ZEN). Fresh rumen fluid of two lactating cows (L) and two non-lactating cows (N) was added to a buffer of normal pH (6.8) and low pH (5.8), leading to four combinations (L6.8, L5.8, N6.8, N5.8), which were added to the spiked maize substrate. In this study, mycotoxins had no effect on volatile fatty acid production. However, not all mycotoxins fully disappeared during incubation. ENN B and ROQ-C disappeared only partially, whereas MPA showed almost no disappearance. The disappearance of DON, NIV, and ENN B was hampered when pH was low, especially when the inoculum of non-lactating cows was used. For ZEN, a limited transformation of ZEN to α-ZEL and β-ZEL was observed, but only at pH 6.8. In conclusion, based on the type of mycotoxin and the ruminal conditions, mycotoxins can stay intact in the rumen.

scholarly journals Efficacy of essence oil supplementation to feeds on volatile fatty acid production

2015 ◽  
pp. 4884-4894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Tekeli ◽  
Gültekin Yıldız ◽  
Winfried Drochner ◽  
Herbert Steingass
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Essence Oil

ABSTRACTObjective. Determine the effect of some plant extract supplementation to Total Mixed Ration (TMR), concentrate and hay on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production at 8 and 24 hours (h) using in vitro gas production technique in cattle. Material and methods. Three fistulated Holstein dairy cows were used for rumen fluid collection for application of in vitro gas production technique. Four essence oils (T. vulgaris, O. vulgare, S. aromaticum, Z. officinale) were used as plant extracts. Results. Essence oil supplementations to the examined feed groups had significant effect only on C2/C3 VFA level at 8 h in all feed groups (p<0.05). C2/C3 VFA level at 8 h significantly increased in the groups with Oregano 25 ppm supplementation for TMR and concentrate and in the groups with Thymol 25 ppm supplementation for hay. C3 VFA level at 8 h significantly increased in the group that received Syzygium 200 ppm supplementation for hay. Different plant extracts supplemented to TMR, concentrate and hay significantly affected C2, C3, IC4, IC5, C5 and C2/C3 VFA levels at 24 h (p<0.05). Conclusions. The findings of the study indicate that moderate doses of plant extracts result in increased VFA levels in ruminants while higher doses demonstrate the opposite effect.

Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 2. The effect of urea and maize flour, or protected-casein

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture

Twenty-five Hereford cattle, of both sexes and a mean liveweight (� s.e.) of 172 �5.6 kg were allocated randomly from stratified groups to five treatments in which urea (UR), urea plus maize (URM), urea plus maize flour and protected casein (URMFC) or protected casein alone (FC) were offered to individually penned cattle on a basal diet of native pasture hay (8.4 g N/kg dry matter (DM)) over 70 days. Rumen ammonia concentrations were low in cattle on the basal hay diet (mean � s.e.d.) of 17 � 10.0 mg N/L but were significantly increased (P<0.01) by a supplement of 280 g/head.day of protected casein (FC) to 70 mg N/L and increased further (1 68 mg N/L) when urea was included with maize (URM) in the treatment. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were increased (P<0.05) only by URM which also resulted in higher (P< 0..01) molar proportions of propionic acid. All treatments increased (P< 0.01) the hay intake of cattle during the study with the exception of URM, which was based on a high rate of feeding (400 g/day) of maize flour. Liveweight change of cattle was increased (P<0.01) by urea (UR) and maize flour (URM) to 290 and 340 � 56 g/head.day respectively. Higher (P< 0.01) liveweight gains were recorded when protected casein was included in the diet (URMFC, FC), being 550 and 600 g/head.day respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the scope for improving the efficiency of gain in cattle on a low quality grass hay by including low rumen-degradable proteins as a supplement to grass hays.

scholarly journals Nutrient Digestibility, Microbial Fermentation, and Response in Bacterial Composition to Methionine Dipeptide: An In Vitro Study

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Fanlin Kong ◽  
Yanfang Liu ◽  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Yijia Zhang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

It is well known that the methionine dipeptide (MD) could enhance the dairy cows milking performance. However, there is still a knowledge gap of the effects of MD on the rumen fermentation characteristics, microbiota composition, and digestibility. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different nitrogen sources with a total mixed ration on in vitro nutrient digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and bacterial composition. The treatments included 5 mg urea (UR), 25.08 mg methionine (Met), 23.57 mg MD, and no additive (CON) in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution, filtrated Holstein dairy cow rumen fluid, and substrate (1 g total mixed ration). Nutrient digestibility was measured after 24 h and 48 h fermentation, and fermentation parameters and microbial composition were measured after 48 h fermentation. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the MD group at 48 h were significantly higher than in the CON and UR groups. The total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher in the MD group than in the other groups. In addition, 16S rRNA microbial sequencing results showed MD significantly improved the relative abundances of Succinivibrio, Anaerotruncus, and Treponema_2, whereas there was no significant difference between Met and UR groups. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed the relative abundance of Succinivibrio and Anaerotruncus were positively correlated with gas production, NDF digestibility, ADF digestibility, and acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Overall, our results suggested that the microbiota in the fermentation system could be affected by additional nitrogen supplementation and MD could effectively enhance the nutrient utilization in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Time of rumen fluid collection relative to feeding alters in vitro fermentation volatile fatty acid production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S98-S98
Author(s):  
L A Pless ◽  
A N Brewster ◽  
D J McLean ◽  
S A Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time of rumen fluid collection relative to feeding on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for in vitro rumen fermentation. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers were used as rumen fluid donors. Feed was removed from heifers 12 h prior to feeding, rumen fluid was collected from each heifer before feeding (0 h), and at 2, 4, and 6 h after feeding, repeated on three separate incubation days. Buffered rumen fluid (100 mL) was incubated in 250-mL bottles containing 1.4 g of dried TMR, in duplicate for each heifer at each collection time. All bottles were incubated for 24 h at 39°C and constant agitation (60 rpm), and capped with monitors to capture temperature and pressure every 15 min (RF1, Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY). At the end of incubation, final pH and a sample of rumen fluid were collected for VFA and ammonia nitrogen. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS, with donor as the experimental unit and day as the random blocking factor; significance is defined as P ≤ 0.05. Time of rumen fluid collection significantly affected acetate (mmol/liter; P = 0.0004), propionate (mmol/liter; P = 0.02), isobutyrate (mmol/liter; P &lt; 0.0001), valerate (mmol/liter; P = 0.004), isovalerate (mmol/liter; P &lt; 0.00001), and total VFA concentrations (mmol/liter; P = 0.004). All VFA relative proportions were altered due to time of rumen fluid collection (P &lt; 0.02). VFA production was highest when rumen fluid was collected 4-h post-feeding. There was little to no effect on pH. Our findings suggest that VFA production is maximized when rumen fluid is collected between 2 and 4 h after feeding.

The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. O'Connell ◽  
T. Sweeney ◽  
J. J. Callan ◽  
J. V. O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Enzyme Supplement

AbstractA 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between cereal type (wheatv. barley) and an exogenous enzyme supplement (with or without) on nutrient digestibility, large intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid profile andin vitromanure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs. The enzyme supplement used contained endo-1, 3-β-glucanase (EC 3·2·1·6) and endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (EC 3·2·1·8). The diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of net energy (9·8 MJ/kg) and lysine (10·0 g/kg). Urine and faeces were collected over seven consecutive days from 16 boars (four boars per treatment, 80·0 kg live weight) that were housed in metabolism crates. After collections, the pigs were slaughtered and the contents of the intestinal tracts were removed for analysis. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen. The inclusion of an enzyme supplement in barley-based diets increased (P< 0·05) DMD, OMD and nitrogen digestibility compared with unsupplemented diets, however there was no effect of enzyme supplementation in wheat-based diets. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in selected components of the gut microflora. Pigs offered unsupplemented barley-based diets had higher populations of bifidobacteria (P< 0·05) in the caecum and colon than those on the enzyme supplemented barley diet, however, there was no effect of enzyme supplementation on bifidobacteria in wheat-based diets. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in volatile fatty acid production and inin vitroammonia emissions. In the absence of an enzyme supplement, barley-based diets reduced the proportion of isovaleric acid (P< 0·05) and isobutyric acid (P< 0·05) in the caecum and colon and also reduced manure ammonia emissions during storage from 0 to 240 h (P< 0·05) compared with the wheat-based diet, however there was no effect of cereal type in enzyme-supplemented diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of an enzyme in barley-based diets increased nutrient digestibility but also increased ammonia emissions.

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