Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Endocrine Status

Farmer, C. 2013. Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 1–7. There are three phases of rapid mammary accretion in swine, namely, from 90 d of age until puberty, during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation. Nutrition, endocrine status and management of gilts or sows during those periods can affect mammary development. More specifically, in growing gilts, feed restriction as of 90 d of age hinders mammary development and either supplying the phytoestrogen genistein or increasing circulating concentrations of prolactin stimulates mammogenesis. In late gestation, inhibition of relaxin or prolactin drastically diminishes mammary development and overly increasing dietary energy has a detrimental effect on mammogenesis. It also appears that feeding of the gestating sow can affect the mammary development of her offspring once it reaches puberty. Various management factors such as litter size, nursing intensity and use or non-use of a teat in the previous lactation will affect the amount of mammary tissue present at the end of lactation. Mammary development is followed by the essential process of involution whereby a rapid and drastic regression in parenchymal tissue takes place. It can occur either after weaning or in early lactation when teats are not being regularly suckled. Despite our current knowledge, much remains to be learned in order to develop the best management strategies for replacement gilts, and gestating and lactating sows that will maximize their milk production.

Review: Current knowledge on mammary blood flow, mammary uptake of energetic precursors and their effects on sow milk yield

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
N. L. Trottier ◽  
J. Y. Dourmad
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Vasoactive Substances ◽  
Endocrine Status

Dietary availability of nutrients to the mammary gland is a major limiting factor for sow milking potential. Nutrient availability to the udder is estimated by measuring mammary arteriovenous differences, which are affected by blood flow as well as circulating concentrations of nutrients. Mammary blood flow can be measured either directly or indirectly. Even though it is influenced by numerous factors, such as time since feeding, postural behavior, vasoactive substances, ambient temperature and litter size, authors report that the amount of plasma required to produce 1 kg of milk for a litter of 12 pigs ranges from 490 to 1050 L at peak lactation. Blood glucose is the major precursor for lactose synthesis and reported extraction rates of glucose by the mammary gland vary between 20 and 31%. Other metabolic precursors, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, acetate, propionate and lactate are also used for milk synthesis. There exists a discrepancy between estimates of energetic efficiency depending on the type of study conducted (metabolism vs. mammary balance). Endocrine status of the sow may affect mammary nutrient availability. There still exists a gap in our knowledge on relative mammary uptakes of energetic compounds other than glucose and on glucose transporter systems in porcine mammary tissue. The need for such information is of particular importance due to the increased milking demands currently made on lactating sows. Key words: Blood flow, lactation, mammary gland, nutrient uptake, sows

scholarly journals Endocrinology and mammary development of lactating Genex-Meishan and Large White sows

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin ◽  
M. T. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Prolactin Receptors ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Endocrine and metabolic data as well as mammary tissue composition were obtained in Genex-Meishan (GM, containing 50% Chinese Meishan genes) and Large White (LW) lactating sows. Jugular vein cannulae were used to collect serial blood samples from 9 LW and 8 GM sows for 4 h every 15 min on days 6 and 19 of lactation. Concentrations of prolactin and cortisol were determined on all samples while those of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI), growth hormone (GH), glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in hourly samples. Milk samples were obtained from 19 GM and 16 LWsows on day 23 of lactation and all sows were slaughtered on day 25. Mammary glands were excised and analyzed for tissue composition and for number and affinity of prolactin receptors. Concentrations of plasma IGF-I were lower (P < 0.01) and plasma FFA greater (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. On day 6 of lactation, serum prolactin (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.01) concentrations were greater and glucose values lower (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. The concentration of IGFI in lactoserum was lower (P < 0.001) while that of prolactin was greater (P < 0.05) in GM compared to LW sows on day 23 of lactation. There was less (P < 0.001) residual milk and more (P < 0.05) parenchymal RNA in mammary glands from GM compared to LW sows. The affinity of prolactin receptors was also greater (P < 0.05) in GM than in LW sows. The better emptying of mammary glands by litters from GM sows and the greater circulating concentrations of prolactin in early lactation as well as the greater affinity of mammary prolactin receptors may be related to the great milking potential of Meishan-derived sows. Key words: Hormones, lactation, mammary gland, Meishan, prolactin, sows

Nutrient Uptake and Endocrine Regulation of Milk Synthesis by Mammary Tissue of Lactating Sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R Boyd ◽  
Ronald S Kensinger ◽  
Robert J Harrell ◽  
Dale E Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Lactating Sows

Sarasota Bay: Protection of a Natural Resource

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
R. A. Wagner ◽  
M. G. Heyl
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Sarasota Bay ◽  
Potential Benefits

As part of the Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program (NEP) evaluation of environmental problems, modeling tools were used to estimate pollution loadings from diverse sources, including surface runoff, baseflow, wastewater treatment plant discbarges, septic tanks, and direct deposition of rainfall on the bay surface. After assessing the relative impacts of the pollution sources, alternative management strategies were identified and analyzed. These strategies focused primarily on future development, and included structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMPs), as well as a regional wastewater treatment plan. Loading reductions, along with planning-level cost data and estimates of feasibility and other potential benefits, were used to identify the most promising alternatives.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Qian-Xia Liu ◽  
Zhi-Ping Su ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Lu ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Palm Weevil

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.

scholarly journals Fusarium basal rot: profile of an increasingly important disease in Allium spp.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Le ◽  
Kris Audenaert ◽  
Geert Haesaert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Basal Rot ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Fusarium Basal Rot ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Important Disease

AbstractFusarium basal rot (FBR) is a soil-borne disease that affects Allium species worldwide. Although FBR has long been recognized as a major constraint to the production of economically important Allium species, information that could support disease management remains scattered. In this review, the current knowledge on the causal agents, symptomology and epidemiology, impact, and management strategies of FBR is synthesized. We highlight that FPR is associated with different complexes of several Fusarium species, of which Fusarium oxysporum and F. proliferatum are the most prevalent. These pathogenic complexes vary in composition and virulence, depending on sites and hosts, which can be challenging for disease management. Research to improve disease management using chemical pesticides, resistance cultivars, biocontrol agents, and cultural practices has achieved both promising results and limitations. Finally, research needs and future directions are proposed for the development of effective FBR management strategies.

scholarly journals 27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 13-13
Author(s):  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Embryo Survival

Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.

scholarly journals Defective Uteroplacental Vascular Remodeling in Preeclampsia: Key Molecular Factors Leading to Long Term Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11202
Author(s):  
Kirim Hong ◽  
Soo Hyun Kim ◽  
Dong Hyun Cha ◽  
Hee Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Hypertensive Disorder ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic

Preeclampsia is a complex hypertensive disorder in pregnancy which can be lethal and is responsible for more than 70,000 maternal deaths worldwide every year. Besides the higher risk of unfavorable obstetric outcomes in women with preeclampsia, another crucial aspect that needs to be considered is the association between preeclampsia and the postpartum cardiovascular health of the mother. Currently, preeclampsia is classified as one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women, which doubles the risk of venous thromboembolic events, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. In order to comprehend the pathophysiology behind the linkage between preeclampsia and the development of postpartum CVD, a thorough understanding of the abnormal uteroplacental vascular remodeling in preeclampsia is essential. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the defective process of spiral artery remodeling in preeclampsia and how the resulting placental damage leads to excessive angiogenic imbalance and systemic inflammation in long term CVD. Key molecular factors in the pathway—including novel findings of microRNAs—will be discussed with suggestions of future management strategies of preventing CVD in women with a history of preeclampsia.

In-vivo magnetic resonance imaging studies of mammogenesis in non-pregnant goats treated with exogenous steroids

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Fowler ◽  
Christopher H. Knight ◽  
Margaret A. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Secretion Efficiency ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

SummaryMammogenesis and lactation were induced in five multiparous, non-pregnant goats by treatment with oestrogen and progesterone for 11 d, followed by dexamethasone for 3 d. Reserpine was administered during the last 5 d. All five goats lactated, although milk yield was less than had been achieved in previous natural lactations. Mammary development was assessed in vivo, using magnetic resonance imaging. Although parenchyma volume increased by more than 6-fold overall, only 25% of this increase occurred during steroid treatment. Most development took place after the cessation of treatment, when milking commenced. Maximum size was not achieved until week 8 of the induced lactation, and was only 70% of normal parenchyma volume. After 18 weeks lactation the activities of three key milk synthetic enzymes were very similar to values previously found in natural lactations, and secretion efficiency (milk production per unit volume of parenchyma) was also similar to that of natural lactations. We conclude that the lower than normal milk yields were associated with incomplete proliferation of mammary tissue, rather than inadequate differentiation of individual secretory cells.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on Pathogenicity and Management of Stemphylium botryosum in Lentils (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris Medik)

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Das ◽  
Subrata Dutta ◽  
Subhendu Jash ◽  
Ashis Roy Barman ◽  
Raju Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Stemphylium Botryosum ◽  
Wide Range

Stemphylium blight (SB) caused by Ascomycete, Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. has been a serious threat to lentil cultivation, mainly in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Canada since its first outbreak in Bangladesh in 1986. The genus Stemphylium Wallr., a dematiaceous hyphomycete, comprises up to 150 species, and is pathogenic on a wide range of plants infecting leguminous as well as nonleguminous crops. In recent years, studies indicated overlapping in morphological characters among the different species under the genus Stemphylium, making the identification and description of species difficult. This necessitates different molecular phylogenetic analysis in species delimitation. Therefore, a detailed understanding of spatial diversity and population structure of the pathogen is pertinent for producing source material for resistance breeding. The role of different weather variables as predisposing factors for the rapid spread of the pathogen necessitates devising a disease predictive model for the judicial application of fungicides. A dearth of information regarding spore biology, epidemiology, race diversity, host-pathogen interaction, and holistic disease management approach necessitates immediate attention towards more intensive research efforts. This is the first comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge and research efforts being made for a better understanding of the SB resistance through cognizing biology, ecology, and epidemiology of S. botryosum and effective disease management strategies to prevent widespread outbreaks of SB. The information regarding the biology and epidemiology of S. botryosum is also crucial for strengthening the “Integrated Disease Management” (IDM) programme. The need for a regional research network is advocated where the disease is becoming endemic.

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