EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: IV. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON MILK YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Negative Effect

Changes in milk yield and milk composition from mature Holstein-Friesian cows managed under low fluctuating environmental temperatures have been presented. The experiment conducted at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, lasted for 106 days during the winter of 1956–57. Loafing barn temperatures, measured continuously in degree-hours per day (d-h/day) ranged from 110 to 1202 and daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) varied from −5° to 38°F.As temperature decreased below 25°F., daily yield of milk decreased significantly. Milk yield was unaffected by d-h/day at mean temperatures over 25°F. (600 d-h/day) and on days colder than 600 d-h/day the temperature effect on milk yield was curvilinear. The rate of decline in milk yield (pounds) was four times greater on days when DMAAT was below 10°F. than on days when DMAAT was above 10°F. While DMAAT had a significant effect on milk total-solids percentage and a highly significant negative effect on crude protein yield, the effect of d-h/day on these two factors was not significant. Neither DMAAT nor d-h/day had a significant effect on butterfat yield and percentage, fat-corrected milk yield, total-solids yield, solids-not-fat yield and percentage, or crude protein percentage.Stage of lactation had a significant effect on all characteristics studied except butterfat percentage.Under conditions of declining lactation and a high, variable plane of nutrition, cows that had been subjected to gradually cooling variable low temperatures were influenced by low daily minimum temperatures (DMAAT) to a greater degree than low mean daily temperatures (d-h/day).

scholarly journals Effect of season, genotype and lactation on milk yield and composition of local and crossbred dairy cows reared under different feed base region

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
MA Baset ◽  
KS Huque ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
MN Islam
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Base Region ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

A total of 160 cows, 10 cows in each of native (local cow) and crossbred (local × Holstein Friesian) origins differing in lactation were used in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment using Randomized Block Design (RBD) to evaluate milk yield and composition of cows considering regions (good & poor feed base region), seasons (dry: Nov.–Feb. 2009 & wet: Jun.–Oct. 2009), genotypes and lactation. A “good and/or poor feed base” region was classified based on the availability of quantity and quality roughages throughout the year. The study revealed that the daily milk yield and 4% FCM of cows under good feed base condition were 6.76 and 6.49 kg, respectively and under poor feed base condition were 3.67 and 3.31 kg, respectively. Feed base region did not affect on milk fat and it was observed that the milk protein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), minerals and total solids under good feed base condition were 37.9, 54.9, 100.9, 6.3 and 140.6 g/kg, respectively, whereas, under poor feed base condition the values were 36.3, 52.9, 98.0, 6.1 and 135.2 g/kg, respectively. Season did not affect milk yield and composition except minerals (6.5 g/kg vs. 5.9 g/kg). Genotypes significantly (p?0.01) influenced daily milk yield, the milk protein and minerals. Lactation did not affect milk yield and the milk protein, but influenced the fat, lactose, SNF, minerals and total solids. The interaction of feed base regions and seasons significantly (p?0.01) influenced milk yield and the milk fat and SNF. The milk protein and lactose was influenced by the interaction of feed bases region, seasons and lactation. Milk yield negatively correlated with fat per cent. The percentage of fat significantly (p?0.01) correlated with protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals %. The percentage protein correlated with lactose, SNF and minerals. Lactose % significantly (p?0.01) correlated with SNF%. It may be concluded that milk yield and composition depends on feed base region, genotype and lactation of cows. Season did not influence milk yield and the composition. Milk yield negatively correlated with the percentage of fat, protein, lactose, SNF and milk composition strongly correlated with each other.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 50-65, Jan-Dec 2012

1602 Effects of rumen-protected lysine and methionine on milk yield and milk composition in lactating Holstein cows fed two different levels of crude protein

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 779-779
Author(s):  
A. Ostrensky ◽  
G. Negro ◽  
A. M. D. Santos ◽  
A. Anater ◽  
D. R. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Evaluation of Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Honamlı Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 2747
Author(s):  
AA AKBAŞ ◽  
F TAŞÇI ◽  
Ö ELMAZ ◽  
M SAATCI
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts

The aim of this study was to determine the milk yield and milk composition (total solids, fat, protein and lactose), freezing point depressionand somatic cell counts of Honamlı goat during second lactationin Turkey. The animal material of the study consisted of a total of 30 goat. Total milk yield was detected by using Fleischmann’s method. Milk composition was analyzed by Bentley 150, and somatic cells were counted by Bentley Somacount FC. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of lactation stages on milk yield and milk composition. In the study, mean lactation period and lactation milk yield of Honamlı goat were detected as 202.4 days, and 92.6 kg, respectively. The percentages of fat, protein, lactose, total solid, freezing point depression, and somatic cell counts /mL of milk were 2.4%, 4.2%, 5.1%, 12.7%, -0.57 °C, 82.8 and 2.9%, 4.2%, 4.7%, 12.7%, -0.59 °C, 483 on the 60th and 120thlactation day respectively. Total solids, fat, and protein values significantly increased especially towards the end of lactation (P <0.05). Lactose value decreased slowly from the beginning to the end of lactation. The somatic cell counts increased in milk particularly at the end of lactation (P < 0.05). The freezing point depression remained stable throughout lactation. It was thought that results of study were important representing the second lactation milk production of Honamlı goats that is one of the native goat breeds of Turkey.

The Effect of Level of Available Carbohydrate, Offered as a Supplement to a Forage Based Diet, on Intake, Milk Yield and Milk Composition.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
Rosemary Mansbridge
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Micro Organisms

It has been reported (Castlejon and Leaver 1990, Hill and Leaver 1991) that when offered as the sole forage intakes of urea treated whole crop cereals (UWCC) were high. However energy output in milk and liveweight change was less than expected from calculations of energy intake.The level of crude protein (CP) in UWCC is high, typically in the range 200-300 g CP/kg DM. It has been suggested that a non-synchronous supply of available energy and rapidly available nitrogen to the rumen microorganisms was responsible for the low efficiency of utilization reported.The work described here was carried out to determine whether the utilization of diets containing UWCC could be improved by increasing the supply of readily available carbohydrates to the rumen micro-organisms.

Some Effects of Cow Nutrition on Milk Composition

1984 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
H. R. Ferns
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Feeding Trials

The milk composition responses in five feeding trials were as follows.1. A study of silage quality showed that the fat content was lower (39.9 v. 43.1 g/kg, s.e. of difference 1.00) and the protein content was higher (35.0 v. 33.7 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.48) with silage cut three times per season compared with silage cut twice per season.2. Silage offered as a buffer food overnight in the early part of the grazing season reduced milk yield (18.9 v. 19.9 kg/day, s.e. of difference 0.26) and increased fat content (39.4 v. 35.6 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.50) when compared with grazing only. Silage offered in the late grazing season did not affect milk yield but increased fat content(44.1 v. 41.3 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.94). There was no significant effect on protein content.3. A concentrate containing 18 g crude protein/kg was offered at rates of 0.30, 0.375 and 0.45 kg/kg milk plus silage ad libitum. The fat contents were 38.0, 38.6 and 36.1 g/kg and the protein contents 30.3, 31.2 and 32.1 g/kg, respectively.4. In two experiments comparing flat-rate concentrate feeding with feeding according to yield, no significant differences were found in milk yield, fat and protein contents.5. In a study of body condition at calving, cows calving at score 2 had milk fat contents similar to cows calving at score 3 but there were differences in the fatty acid composition of the milks. The cows calving at score 2 produced milk with a higher protein content than those at score 3 (32.8 v. 30.7 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.85).

scholarly journals The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Ferro ◽  
L. O. Tedeschi ◽  
A. S. Atzori
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
The World

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of transboundary breed names across countries. We selected transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized literature that had milk production information (e.g., MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy (76%) because they lacked milk production information. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In contrast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, a database compiled from published studies for the selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P &lt; 0.05), but milk components were not different among breeds. For goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), but greater (P &lt; 0.05) than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter MY and milk composition, averages provided in this study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain observed values when using nutrition models.

scholarly journals MILK PRODUCTION IN RANGE BEEF COWS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CALF GAINS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Gleddie ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Solid ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Gain

Milk yield in lactating range beef cows was estimated by milking 42 cows four times at approximately monthly intervals during the lactation. Milking was by machine after oxytocin injection. Weights of calves, before and after suckling, over a 24-hour period were used to estimate calf consumption. Breed-age group averages for 24-hour milk yield varied from 3.7 to 8.4 kg, with an overall average of 6.4 kg. Breed of cow accounted for 82.5% of the variance in milk yield in these data. Milk yield declined on the average by 0.02 kg per day of lactation. The correlation between calf consumption and milk yield was 0.58. Butterfat was 3.9% on the average, protein 3.5%, solids-not-fat 9.1% and total solids 13.0%. Breed-age group or month of test did not significantly influence milk constituent percentages, although butterfat and total solids tended to rise as lactation progressed.A good estimate of milk yield was obtained by one test milking. Milk composition based on one test milking was not reliable. Milk yield as estimated in any month was highly related to calf average daily gain from birth to weaning. Use of two test milkings improved the relationship only slightly. Milk solid component percentages showed little relationship to calf gains.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: V. INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
C. M. Williams ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

The respiration rate, heart rate, milk composition, and milk production of Holstein–Friesian cows were measured during the winter in a loose-housing type barn which resulted in conditions of moderate relative humidity (72–79%) and low fluctuating ambient air temperatures (−3°F and above). These results are compared with the results from a similar study carried out the previous winter when humidities in the barn ranged from 90 to 100%. This study confirmed the conclusions of the previous year that changes in respiration rate are closely related to changes in air temperatures and that heart rate and rectal temperatures are unaffected by low fluctuating temperatures. Milk production did not decrease with decreasing air temperatures in this study as reported previously with higher humidity readings. A negative correlation between percentage butterfat and relative humidity was observed.

scholarly journals Effects of Supplementing Rumen-Protected Methionine on Production Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Blood Parameters, Ruminal Metabolites and Economic Effectiveness in Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Wei ◽  
Mengying Dou ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Bichuan Yan ◽  
Cuiyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

Abstract Background: Because of disadvantages of excessive dietary crude protein (CP), decreasing dietary CP of dairy cows has attracted the worldwide attention. Rumen protected methionine (RPM) supplementation can allow lower CP diets and is beneficial to milk production performance, N efficiency of cows and environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary CP and supplementing RPM on production, digestibility of nutrients, blood parameters, ruminal metabolites and economic effectiveness in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Results: A total of 96 lactating cows (63 ± 25 d in milk; 34.4 ± 5.74 kg/d of milk production; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: diet containing 17.3% CP without RPM (control group; CON; n = 49); diet containing 16.4% CP with supplementing 15.0 g/d of RPM (treatment group; RPM; n = 47). No effect was observed of reducing dietary CP on milk yield and milk composition. The apparent digestibility of nutrients was similar between treatments. The results related to blood showed that cows in RPM group exhibited lower concentration of blood urea nitrogen than that in CON group (P < 0.001). Moreover, there were no differences between treatments on concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, globulin and albumin. In ruminal metabolites, microbial crude protein (MCP) of dairy cows in RPM group was higher compared with CON group (P = 0.006). Ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents were not changed by treatments except that the concentrations of butyrate and isovalerate of RPM group were higher than that of CON group at 2 h after feeding (P < 0.05). In addition, supplying the diet of 16.4% CP with RPM supplementation to cows could reduce feeding cost by 0.5 $/d per cow and boost net profits. Conclusions: Lower dietary CP with RPM supplementation did not limit milk yield, milk composition and apparent digestibility of nutrients, and could improve nitrogen utilization of dairy cows and synthesis of MCP in rumen, change VFA production at 2 h after feeding, as well as boost the economic benefits of the dairy farms.

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