scholarly journals DIGESTIBLE AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR RAPESEED MEALS AND FOR SOYBEAN MEAL FED TO GROWING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. SABEN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Weight Groups

Twelve samples of rapeseed meal (RM) and one sample of soybean meal (50% protein) (SM) were evaluated for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) and digestible nitrogen (DN). RM samples were of Brassica campestris and B. napus origin and contained meals processed by solvent, prepress-solvent or expeller processes. Two of the meals were from rapeseeds not in commercial production, one a Bronowski (low glucosinolate) napus meal and one a meal from zero-erucic acid rapeseed of napus type. Energy studies were conducted with 64 pigs at 16, 33 and 65 kg liveweight, adding 25% by weight of the test ingredient to the total diet. The overall means and standard errors for all weight groups for gross energy (GE), DE, ME and MEn, in kcal/g of dry matter, for 10 RM (excluding Bronowski and zero-erucic acid RM) were 4.74 ± 0.12, 3.21 ± 0.18, 2.89 ± 0.19 and 2.64 ± 0.19, respectively, while the values obtained for SM were 4.81 ± 0.08, 4.21 ± 0.16, 3.92 ± 0.17 and 3.64 ± 0.16. There were no significant differences in DE, ME or MEn among the 12 RM samples, or between weight periods. The values for the basal diet were uniform throughout. The overall mean coefficient for DN was 75.9% for RM and 89.2% for SM. The DE, ME and MEn values for RM should be considered as being species specific.

scholarly journals Prediction of net energy values in expeller-pressed and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal for growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Zhongchao Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Hu Liu ◽  
Dewen Liu ◽  
Neil Jaworski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs.Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP).Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW<sup>0.6</sup>/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)–25.24 (n = 8, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)–0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable.Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF EXTRUDED FULL-FAT SOYBEANS AND RAPESEEDS USING PIGS AND CHICKENS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. BAYLEY ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Gross Energy

Soybeans and rapeseeds were ’extruded’ at temperatures of 125 and 120 C, respectively. These products, along with soybean meal and rapeseed meal were substituted for 40% of a basal diet; the basal and substituted diets were fed to barrow pigs from 25 to 75 kg liveweight. Digestibility determinations, carried out when the pigs weighed 30 and 70 kg showed that the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, fat and nitrogen were not influenced by the weight of the pig; however, crude fiber was better digested by the 70-kg than by the 30-kg pigs. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy of the diet containing rapeseed meal were less than those for the other diets. Digestible energy values of soybean meal and extruded soybean were 3.88 and 4.31 kcal/g, respectively, for the 30-kg pigs. Corresponding values for the rapeseed meal and extruded rapeseed were 2.93 and 4.83 kcal/g, respectively. Backfat of the pigs that had received the diet containing extruded soybeans contained significantly more linoleic acid (27%) than that from the pigs which had received the basal diet (14%). There was 3% erucic acid in the backfat sample of the pigs that had received the diet containing the extruded rapeseed. Addition of raw rapeseed to a basal diet reduced weight gain of young chicks, but this effect could be partially alleviated by extruding the rapeseed, in that the addition of 10% extruded rapeseed did not reduce performance significantly.

Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-738
Author(s):  
Peili Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Changhua Lai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.

RAPESEED AS AN ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE IN DIETS FOR GROWING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Matter Basis

Twenty gilts and 20 barrows were fed 0, 5 or 10% ground rapeseed in diets with or without rapeseed meal (RM) and either adjusted or unadjusted for levels of digestible energy (DE) and total protein. Dietary rapeseed at a level of 10% depressed (P < 0.10) feed intake and improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion in comparison with 0% rapeseed, but did not significantly influence efficiency of DE conversion. Pigs fed rapeseed gained 0.05 to 0.11 kg/day more slowly than those fed no rapeseed, but differences were not significant. Carcass dressing percentage was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 5 or 10% rapeseed in diets without RM than it was for those fed a diet with 0% rapeseed or with 5% rapeseed plus 4% RM. The former pigs also had carcass measurements that suggested leaner carcasses. Data on rapeseed composition, including amino acid values, are presented. Coefficients for DE, metabolizable energy (ME), ME corrected to N equilibrium (MEn), and digestible N (DN) at 21 kg liveweight were not influenced by diet. The DE, ME, MEn and DN per unit of feed were increased by the addition of 10% rapeseed to the diet. Rapeseed had a calculated DE of 5703 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis. The DE, ME and MEn were highly correlated (r = 0.970 to 0.997), indicating little difference in accuracy between these energy measures. Daily N retained averaged 16.8 g and was not influenced by diet. Barrows ate more, required more feed and more DE/kg gain and had poorer carcasses than gilts. The DE, ME, MEn and DN were significantly higher for barrows than for gilts. The data suggest that when 5 or 10% rape-seed is fed to growing pigs from 8 kg initial weight, a depression of approximately 2% in feed intake can be expected for each 1% of dietary rapeseed added, regardless of whether DE and protein adjustments are made. Improved feed conversion when rapeseed is fed occurs in association with the high gross energy content of the seed.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

scholarly journals Effects of Collection Durations on the Determination of Energy Values and Nutrient Digestibility of High-Fiber Diets in Growing Pigs by Total Fecal Collection Method

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqun Liu ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Fei Xie ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Fecal Collection

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of collection durations on the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs with a time-based total fecal collection method. A total of 24 barrows (body weight (BW): 31.1 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets. Diets included a corn–soybean meal (CSM) basal diet and two additional diets containing 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the CSM diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to eight barrows for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 7-day total feces and urine collection period. The 7-day collection duration was divided into three collection phases, namely, phase 1 (days 8 to 11), phase 2 (days 11 to 13), and phase 3 (days 13 to 15). Then, similar portions of feces and urine from the different collection phases were composited into three additional samples (days 8 to 11, days 8 to 13, and days 8 to 15, respectively). The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrient in experimental diets decreased linearly as the collection durations increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the energy values, GE, and nutrient digestibility of diets and of high-fiber ingredients between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets containing SBP or DFRB in growing pigs by the time-based total fecal collection method.

scholarly journals Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
Markus K Wiltafsky-Martin ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of DE and ME, and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM) fed to growing pigs. The nine treatments were prepared using a conventional 00-RSM that was either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min or at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In experiment 1, 20 growing barrows with an average initial BW of 21.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to the 10 diets in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square with 10 diets and four periods in each square. A corn-based basal diet and nine diets containing corn and each source of 00-RSM were formulated. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. In experiment 2, nine diets contained one of the nine sources of 00-RSM as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and CP was formulated. Twenty growing barrows with an initial BW of 69.8 ± 5.7 kg had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that there were no effects of autoclaving at 110 °C on DE and ME or on AID and SID of AA in 00-RSM, but DE and ME, and AID and SID of AA were less (P &lt; 0.01) if 00-RSM was autoclaved at 150 °C compared with 110 °C. At 150 °C, there were decreases (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in DE and ME, and in AID and SID of AA as heating time increased. In conclusion, autoclaving at 110 °C did not affect ME or SID of AA in 00-RSM, but autoclaving at 150 °C had negative effects on ME and SID of AA and the negative effects increased as heating time increased.

Growth and metabolism studies in growing pigs given diets containing a low glucosinolate rapeseed meal

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Rowan ◽  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Growth Experiment ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Rich

SUMMARYTwo growth and two metabolism experiments were made in which a low gluoosinate rapeseed meal (var. Tower; TRSM) was compared with soya-bean meal (SBM) as the sole protein-rich material in simple diets containing barley and a vitamin and mineral supplement only.In the first growth experiment 108 pigs were fed individually and restrictedly SBM and TRSM diets so that digestible energy (DE) and crude-protein intakes were similar. The DE used to promote a unit of growth or a unit of carcass weight was significantly less for the SBM, than for the TRSM, diet. In the second experiment 48 pigs were given, in groups of four, diets similar to those in Expt 1. There were no significant differences in growth rate or in serum thyroxine concentrations, but a significantly higher degree of thyroid hypertrophy was induced in pigs given the TRSM diet.The two metabolism experiments compared the same diets used in the first growth experiment. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy, and retention of nitrogen relative to intake, were significantly greater for the SBM diet than for the two RSM diets. The addition of synthetic lysine to the TRSM diet significantly improved the apparent digestibility and retention of nitrogen. Pooled DE values (MJ/kg dry matter) calculated for SBM, TRSM and barley were 13·72 (S.E. 0·318), 13·97 (S.E. 0·211) and 14·01 (S.E. 0·080) respectively.

Metabolizable energy in corn is greater than in hybrid rye when fed to gestating sows, but exogenous enzymes did not increase energy digestibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Molly L. McGhee ◽  
Hans H. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Mixture ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
Hybrid Rye ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Difference

The metabolizable energy (ME) in corn was greater (P < 0.05) than in hybrid rye when fed to sows in mid-gestation, although the difference between the two grains was less than the difference previously observed in growing pigs. An exogenous enzyme mixture did not increase apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter or gross energy in corn or hybrid rye fed to gestating sows. Likewise, digestible energy and ME in corn and hybrid rye were not increased by the enzymes.

PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.

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