DIGESTIBILITY OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE-TREATED STRAW FED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ALFALFA SILAGE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. MAENG ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
W. K. BILANSKI
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Design Cell

Rations were fed at a constant level of dry matter intake to eight wethers in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cell walls and energy of wet barley straw treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 100 C were more digestible (P < 0.01) than with alfalfa silage. Mixing treated straw with alfalfa silage resulted in associative effects on digestibility, particularly with the lowest level of straw in the ration. Assuming the digestibility of alfalfa silage to remain constant, treated straw was 11.4 units higher in energy digestibility when fed at a level of 22% compared with 80% of dry matter intake. Increased cellulose digestibility accounted for only part of this improvement. Sheep fed mainly NaOH straw consumed the least nitrogen but had the highest nitrogen retention (P < 0.01). Marked increases in water intake and urine output occurred with sheep fed high levels of treated straw. With all rations, the majority of ingested sodium was excreted in the urine.

Utilization of oaten hay by cattle: effects of milling and urea supplementation

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Oaten hay in either long or milled form, with or without a continuous intra-ruminal infusion of urea at the rate of 160 g/d, was offered ad libitum to four rumen fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Milling increased dry matter intake from 49.2 to 65.4 g/kg LW0 75.d (P< 0.001) and decreased mean retention time from 66.7 to 54.2 h (P< 0.001). Rates of cellulose digestion and dry matter digestibilities were similar for long and milled hay. Urea increased dry matter intake (from 49.0 to 65.6 g/kg LW0 75.d; P< 0.001), dry matter digestibility (from 58.1 to 65.3%; P< 0.01) cellulose digestibility (from 48.5 to 63.1%; P< 0.01) and the rate of cellulose digestion (P< 0.001), and decreased mean retention time from 65.3 to 55.6 h ( P < 0.01). Digestible dry matter intakes increased 29% with milling and 52% with urea and the effects were additive. Urea increased digestible cellulose intake to a greater extent with milled hay (91 %) than with long hay (64%). Digestible dry matter intake was closely related to liveweight change. When urea was given liveweight gain was higher for milled hay than for long hay (0.69 vs 0.11 kg/head.d) and without urea liveweight loss was less for milled hay than for long hay (-0.07 vs -0.45 kg/head.d). Nitrogen digestibility and balance were significantly higher when urea was given. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher and rumen pH significantly lower with urea compared with no urea and with milled hay compared with long hay. Urea increased rumen-ammonia concentration from 1.65 to 19.68 mg1100 ml (P< 0.001) and total free bacterial concentration (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate significant and additive benefits from the administration of urea to hay containing 0.8% nitrogen and from milling through a screen size of 7.6 mm.

The digestibility and acceptability to sheep of chopped or milled barley straw soaked or sprayed with alkali

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fernandez Carmona ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYThe main objective of the experiments described was to compare the effects of milling straw and/or soaking or spraying it with sodium hydroxide on its digestibility and acceptability to sheep. Some preliminary trials were made in the laboratory to compare different alkali treatments with respect to losses of organic matter, chemical composition and digestibility in vitro.In a feeding trial of Latin-square design, involving six sheep, the following treatments of barley straw were compared: C, chopped; M, coarsely-milled; OIL, chopped and soaked in 1·5% NaOH (9 g NaOH/100 g straw); CIH, chopped and soaked in 3·0% NaOH (18 g/100 g straw); CS, chopped and sprayed with 16 % NaOH (8 g/100 g straw); MS, milled and sprayed with 16 % NaOH. After treatments OIL and CIH the straw was washed; this caused losses of organic matter of 28 and 32%, respectively. For CS and CM the excess NaOH was neutralized by addition of 7·4 ml propionic acid/100 g straw.The straws were given with supplements of purified soya protein, minerals and vitamins. The digestibility of energy for the straw was (%): C, 40·4; M, 39·1; CIL, 65·0; CIH, 64·4; CS, 57·3; MS, 60·2. Dry-matter intake (g/kg W0·75 per day) was: C, 26·7; M, 36·2; CIL, 37·1; CIH, 44·2; CS, 48·4; MS 53·6.

Complete diets given ad libitum to dairy cows: the effect of straw content and of cubing the diet

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
E. L. Miller ◽  
P. S. Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Degree

SummaryTwelve Friesian cows were given six complete diets ad libitum in an experiment designed as a double 6 × 6 Latin Square balanoed for residual effects. The main energy components of the diets were rolled barley and 20, 35 or 50% chopped barley straw. The diets were given either as a loose mix or extruded through a fin. die. Dry-matter intake, milk yield and solids not fat % declined while butter fat % increased progressively with increased levels of straw in the complete diets which were fed in the loose form. In comparison with the loose diet containing 20% straw, the corresponding cubed diet was associated with a depression in dry matter intake and a decreased butterfat %. In contrast, the oubed diets containing 35 and 50% straw supported higher dry-matter intakes, higher solids oorrected milk yield but lower butter fat % than the corresponding loose diets. The effect of cubing the 35 and 50% straw diets was to make the voluntary dry-matter intakes and lactational performances comparable to those obtained with the loose mixes containing 20 and 35% straw respectively. In general the voluntary intake data agrees with a previously proposed model. However, the depressed intake obtained with the 20% straw diet in the cubed form would not have been predicted by the model. It is suggested that complete diets could be used in large units to combine the low labour costs of self feeding of dry feed with a high degree of control over nutrient intake and laotational performance.

Relationships among rate of passage of feed, dry matter intake and chemical components of several diets

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Mir ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
J. W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Significant Factors

Relationships among feed dry matter intake (DMI), rate of passage of feed through the rumen (ROP) and content of chemical components of feeds were determined to investigate the possibility of developing prediction equations for DMI and ruminal passage rates of digesta. ROP determined as exponential rate of marker decline in either feces (ROPf) or rumen contents (ROPr), DMI and body weight (BWt) of animals were determined using six mature steers in a 6 × 6 Latin square design experiment. Alfalfa hay (AA), orchard-grass hay (OG), alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), 70 + 30: cracked corn and OG (70G), and 70 + 30: barley straw and AA (70S) were used in the experiment. Chemical composition of feeds (protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and lignin) was determined and, along with BWt of the steers, was regressed against DMI, while DMI was also included among the factors regressed against ROPf and ROPr. Even though animal factors, such as DMI and BWt, and feed factors, including the chemical components, were regressed against ROPf and ROPr, only protein and ADIN content in feed were significant factors included for ROPr (r2 = 0.358), while for ROPf, protein, ADIN and lignin content were the three significant factors (r2 = 0.362). However, DMI of the steers was predictable from the equation DMI (kg) = 15.52−0.080 NDF−0.101 ADF + 9.462 ADIN (as % of DM) (R = 0.84; P < 0.0001; residual standard deviation (rsd) = 1.01) with an R2 value of 0.702, but accurate estimation of rate of passage from feed and animal factors requires more research. Key words: Prediction of rate of passage, chromium mordanted neutral detergent fibre, intake, steers, forages

Effects of source of forage and level of concentrate on chewing activity and milk production response in late lactation cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Okine ◽  
G. R. Khorasani ◽  
J. J. Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Production Response ◽  
Chewing Activity

Four cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to determine the effects of forage source with different NDF concentrations and level of concentrate on chewing activity and milk production. Diets were 65% first-cut alfalfa silage with 54% NDF and 35% concentrate, 50% alfalfa and 50% concentrate, 65% bromegrass silage with 65.5% NDF and 35% concentrate and 50% bromegrass silage and 50% concentrate. Diets were fed in 2 × 2 factorial design (silage sources, alfalfa vs. bromegrass and two levels of concentrate, 35 vs. 50%). Dry matter intake averaged 15.2 kg d−1 and was not affected by either forage source or level of concentrate. Intake of NDF was lower for the cows fed the alfalfa-based diet vs. bromegrass silage but the level of concentrate did not affect NDF intake. Time spent eating was not affected by either forage source or concentrate level of the diet. Time spent eating and ruminating kg−1 NDF intake was higher for cows fed alfalfa-based diets than for cows fed the bromegrass-based diets. Total chews g−1 NDF intake tended (P = 0.06) to decrease when cows were fed bromegrass-based diets but eating and ruminating chews g−1 NDF intake were not affected by source of forage or level of concentrate in the diet. Diets with either alfalfa or bromegrass had no effect on daily yields of milk, FCM, fat, protein and lactose. Diets with 50% concentrate increased milk and FCM yields by 11 and 14%, respectively. Fat and lactose yields were also increased by 17 and 11% in cows fed diets with the higher concentrate level. Results suggest that chewing activities during eating and ruminating phases of the eating cycle adjusted for DMI may decrease with increased concentrate level and are not affected by source of forage in the diet. However, chewing activities adjusted for NDF intake are influenced by source of forage but not by level of concentrate in the diet. The results also suggest that yields of both milk and milk components in late lactation cows are influenced by level of concentrate in the diet, while only milk components are affected by source of forage. Key words: Dairy cattle, chewing activity, forage, milk production

scholarly journals 314 How physically effective fiber affects ruminal pH in beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
Lourdes Llonch Fernández ◽  
Lorena Castillejos Velázquez ◽  
Alfred Ferret Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Penn State ◽  
Particle Separator

Abstract To assess the effect of physically effective fiber (peNDF) on ruminal pH, 8 Simmental heifers with 258±5.7kg BW were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design. Diets were formulated with an 83 to 17 concentrate to straw ratio, and offered ad libitum as total mixed ration. Barley straw was chopped with a feeder wagon, and then processed either by: a) sifting with the 3-screen Penn State Particle Separator to obtain straw particle size greater than 4 mm, or b) grinding in a hammer mill through a 2-mm screen to obtain straw particle size lesser than 4 mm. Treatments after mixing the processed straws to obtain different peNDF proportions were: 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%. Concentrate was ground through a 3-mm screen and manually mixed with the straw. The study was performed in 4 3-wk periods: 2-wk diet adaptation and 1-wk sampling. A ruminal bolus (smaXtec, Graz, Austria) was orally inserted in each heifer to measure ruminal pH every 10 min. Dry matter intake was individually measured. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. No significant effects were found in average and minimum pH (6.66 and 5.87 on average, respectively). Time under pH lesser than 5.8 was significantly longer (P &lt; 0.01) in 5% (134 min/d) than 7%, 9% and 11% (63 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.6 tended to be longer (P = 0.074) in 5% (65 min/d), and shorter in 9% and 11% (25 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.5 was unaffected by treatment (23 min/d on average). Intake of DM was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in 5% and 7% than 9% and 11%. These results suggest that the risk of subclinical acidosis decreases from 7 to 11% of peNDF, but DMI also decreases in 9% and 11%.

Digestion and utilization of straw. 1. Effect of different chemical treatments on degradability and digestibility of barley straw by sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. M. Fahmy ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Urine Excretion ◽  
In Sacco

ABSTRACTBarley straw was treated with anhydrous ammonia, sodium hydroxide, ammonia plus sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid or ammonia plus sulphuric acid to study the effect on the digestibility of straw and the degradability of the straw in the rumen of sheep.In experiment 1 four wethers fitted with rumen cannulae were given ammonia-treated straw to appetite and were used for measuring the dry- and organic-matter degradability of straw in the rumen after different in sacco incubation times. The organic-matter degradability (g/kg) after 48 h in sacco incubation was 459, 603, 576 and 660 for control, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and ammonia plus sodium hydroxide-treated straw respectively. Each treatment improved the degradability significantly (P < 0·01). The effect of ammonia plus sodium hydroxide treatment on rumen degradability of straw was additive (P < 0·05).In experiment 2 the treated straws studied in experiment 1 were given to four wethers in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design, to measure the voluntary intake, digestibility, water consumption and urine excretion. The digestibility (g/kg) and daily intake of digestible organic matter (g/kg M0·75 per day) were 554, 12·5; 628, 24·7; 653, 19·7; and 668, 24·3 for the control, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and ammonia plus sodium hydroxide-treated straws, respectively. Intake of ammonia-treated straw was significantly greater than for sodium hydroxide-treated straw (P < 0·01). The water consumption and urine excretion by sheep were increased significantly by sodium hydroxide and ammonia plus sodium hydroxide treatments (P < 0·01).In experiment 3, either straw or ammonia-treated straw were treated with 20, 40 and 60 g sulphuric acid (200 ml/1 solution per kg). The degradability of the acid-treated straws was measured using three wethers fitted with cannulae and given ammonia-treated straw to appetite. The dry-matter degradabilities (g/kg) after 48 h in sacco incubation were 52·0, 53·9, 58·7 and 67·4 for the control, and 20, 40 and 60 g acid per kg treatments, whereas the values were 61·3, 60·4, 68·4 and 69·4 for the ammonia-treated straw, and 20, 40 and 60 g acid per kg treatments respectively. There was a significant effect of acid treatment and ammonia treatment on dry-matter degradability.

scholarly journals Feeding Strategies to Increase Nitrogen Retention and Improve Rumen Fermentation and Rumen Microbial Population in Beef Steers Fed with Tropical Forages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10312
Author(s):  
Sandra Guisela Durango Morales ◽  
Rolando Barahona Rosales ◽  
Diana María Bolívar Vergara ◽  
Ngonidzashe Chirinda ◽  
Jacobo Arango
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Tropical Conditions

The effect of the inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala and Tithonia diversifolia in Zebu steers receiving a diet based on improved pastures such as Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria hybrid cv Cayman on nitrogen (N) excretion, urinary volume and rumen microbial population was evaluated. To determine the dry matter intake and nutrient excretion, eight steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four periods and four diets. Four of them were cannulated for ruminal fluid extraction and quantification of ruminal microorganisms in three times of grazing (T0, T7 and T15). Forage intake was calculated through the external marker titanium dioxide. Diet including forages with superior protein content generated an increase in the gene copy numbers of Prevotella ruminicola and total bacteria on 15 sampling day (p < 0.001). Animals receiving diets with the dietary inclusion of Leucaena and Tithonia had daily N intakes of 228 and 113.5g N intake d−1, of which they excreted 42% and 61%, respectively. Inclusion of both protein forages increased daily urinary volume (9% and 7% d−1), with respect to the pasture-based diet. This study revealed that the inclusion of 18% Leucaena in a pasture-based diet improves the dry matter intake and N retention in Zebu steers under tropical conditions.

HIGH MOISTURE GROUND EAR CORN, HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY OR SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED BARLEY FOR LACTATING COWS: MILK PRODUCTION AND RATION UTILIZATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KUNG Jr. ◽  
B. W. JESSE ◽  
J. W. THOMAS ◽  
J. T. HUBER ◽  
R. S. EMERY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Fecal Ph

Whole barley was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in laboratory trials. Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags in the rumen of whole barley treated with 2.5, 3.5, or 4.9% NaOH for 30 h was 59.6, 72.4, and 93.0%, respectively, compared with 82.2% for untreated ground barley. In a subsequent lactation trial, 24 Holstein cows (eight per treatment) were fed high moisture ground ear corn, high moisture rolled barley or high moisture whole barley treated with 3.5% NaOH. Milk persistencies tended to be greater for cows fed high moisture rolled barley, next for ground ear corn and least for NaOH-treated barley. Milk composition was similar for all treatments. Dry matter intake was greatest for cows fed ground ear corn and lower for those fed the barley diets. Alpha-linked glucose and pH of feces were similar for cows fed ground ear corn and high moisture rolled barley diets, but fecal pH was lower and alpha-linked glucose concentrations three times greater for NaOH-treated barley. Digestibility percents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and nitrogen were 61.4, 25.3, 64.7 for ground ear corn; 64.4, 38.0, 67.1 for high moisture rolled barley; and 56.8, 43.2, 54.8 for NaOH-treated barley, respectively. Rumen grain turnover estimated by excretion of ytterbium in feces was greatest for NaOH-treated barley (9.09%/h), intermediate for ground ear corn (6.10%/h) and lowest for high moisture rolled barley (4.93%/h). Key words: Dairy, sodium hydroxide, high moisture grains

The effect of Beckmann's treatment by sodium hydroxide on the digestibility and feeding value of barley straw for horses

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Basal Ration

The digestibility coefficients of old barley straw fed with a basal ration of oats, bran and maize to two adult horses and of the same straw after treatment by Beckmann's method were ascertained. The coefficients of the nitrogen-free extractives and the crude fibre of the untreated straw were 33·23 and 38·24 respectively and of the treated straw 54·14 and 63·71. There was a reduction in the digestibility of the small quantity of protein and fat.Taking into account the 14·5% of dry matter lost during treatment, the starch equivalent value of the treated material was somewhat higher than that of poor quality meadow hay.The digestibility coefficients were considerably lower for an immature horse previously maintained entirely on fresh grass.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document