RESPONSE OF LACTATING COWS TO THE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF AMINO ACIDS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
High Level

High, low, and zero quantities of methionine, histidine, or lysine were infused intravenously into lactating cows fed a corn–corn silage–urea ration to assess whether any of these amino acids were limiting for milk production. Feed intake was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the low level of methionine infusion than with either the high level or saline infusions. Milk yield was not affected (P > 0.05) by any treatments, but protein yield was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with the low than with the high or zero levels of infusion of methionine, and the infusion of either level of histidine significantly decreased (P < 0.05) milk protein yield compared with zero level of infusion. The changes in levels of plasma amino acids that occurred during these studies have been interpreted as implying that methionine was the first limiting and either valine, leucine, or isoleucine was the second limiting amino acid for milk production.

Responses of the bovine mammary glands to absorptive supply of single amino acids

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Cant ◽  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
P. H. Luimes ◽  
B. W. McBride ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Energy Metabolites

In this review, we discuss the mechanismsof responses of various tissues of the lactating dairy cow, particularly the mammary glands, to perturbations in supply of single amino acids that result in observed milk protein yields. Additions of methionine, lysine, histidine or leucine to the absorptive supply cause arterial concentrations of these amino acids to increase, mammary extractions to drop and mammary blood flow to decrease. Single subtractions of essential amino acids have the opposite effect. Changes in mammary blood flow that have been recorded can be explained as attempts by the mammary glands to restore intracellular ATP balance in the face of altered concentrations of energy metabolites in the general circulation. In a quantitative sense, milk protein yield is relatively insensitive to fluctuations in arterial amino acid concentrations but can be stimulated by any one of a number of amino acids. In this context, it is suggested that the designation of a limiting amino acid is not appropriate to the purpose of predicting milk protein yield. Rather, milk protein synthesis appears to operate at a predetermined rate set by external communications of milk withdrawal rate, physiological state and overall nutritional status. Utilization of amino acids (AA) by splanchnic and peripheral tissues, in coordination with the mammary setpoint, offsets imperfections in the dietary AA supply. How strongly an individual AA influences the mammary setpoint, arterial concentrations of energy metabolites, and mammary AA transport capacity will determine the magnitude of the milk protein yield response when its absorptive supply is changed. Key words: Dairy cows, milk protein, amino acid

scholarly journals Effects of a High-Grain Diet With a Buffering Agent on Milk Protein Synthesis in Lactating Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilin He ◽  
Xintian Nie ◽  
Huanhuan Wang ◽  
Shuping Yan ◽  
Yuanshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Buffering Agent

Chinese dairy industries have developed rapidly, providing consumers with high-quality sources of nutrition. However, many problems have also appeared during the development process, especially the low quality of milk. To improve milk quality, a large amount of concentrated feed is usually added to the diet within a certain period of time, which increases the milk production to a certain extent. However, long-term feeding with high-concentration feed can lead to subacute rumen acidosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of adding a buffer on subacute rumen acidosis, and the improvement of milk production and milk quality. We also aimed to study the mechanism of promoting mammary gland lactation. A total of 12 healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into two groups, they were high-grain diet group (Control) and buffering agent group. To understand the effects of high-grain diets with buffers on amino acids in jugular blood and the effects of amino acids on milk protein synthesis, Milk-Testing™ Milkoscan 4000, commercial kits, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were integrated with the milk protein rate, the amino acid concentration in jugular venous blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR, comparative proteomics, and western blotting to study differentially expressed proteins and amino acids in mammary gland tissues of goats fed high-grain diets. Feeding lactating goats with buffering agent increased the percentage of milk protein in milk, significantly increased the amino acid content of jugular blood (p &lt; 0.05), and increase the amino acid transporter levels in the mammary gland. Compared with the high-grain group, 2-dimensional electrophoresis technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight proteomics analyzer, and western blot analysis further verified that the expression levels of beta casein (CSN2) and lactoferrin (LF) proteins in the mammary glands of lactating goats were higher when fed a high-grain diets and buffers. The mechanism of increased milk protein synthesis was demonstrated to be related to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signals.

scholarly journals Influence of cattle breed combinations on milk production: results of the Analysis of Variance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
A.P. Paliy ◽  
T.L. Osipenko ◽  
A.P. Palii
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
High Level

One of the main factors in increasing the efficiency of milk production is the breed. No breed in the world would be ideal for a variety of conditions and technological processes. Besides, like any biological system, the breed is in continuous change. The breed of cattle largely determines both the level of milk production and the quality of milk. Therefore, to improve the quality of milk, it is necessary to establish the degree of influence of zootechnical and technological factors on the condition of milk components. Among genetic factors, the breed of animals and the breed combination have a significant influence. During the research, a one-way analysis of variance of the breed's influence and breed combinations on productive indicators has been analyzed. The factor "breed" and "breed combination" were used as the analyzed factor, and the protein content in milk and the yield of milk protein was used as the dependent factor. Based on one-way and multi-way ANOVA, the degree of influence of the factors under study was assessed. It has been established that the breed has a significant, both direct and combined with other factors, influence on the protein content in milk and the yield of milk protein. The level of the breed's direct influence on the protein content is 1.0%, on the milk protein yield - 1.7%. The factors "father" and "calving number" have the most substantial combined effect. Their influence levels are 1.8%, 1.4%, respectively, with a high level of reliability (P=0.999). The same factors most influence the milk protein yield as the protein content (the levels of influence are 1.9%, 1.3%, respectively) with a high level of reliability (P=0.999). As a result of analyzing the data on changes in protein content and milk protein yield in cows of different breed combinations, it can be concluded that this factor can describe 4.5% of the variability in protein content and 11.4% of milk protein yield (P=0.999). The degree of joint influence of breed combinations with other studied factors was up to 6.6%.

CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-791
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Morey W. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia. Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.

scholarly journals The Amino Acid Need for Milk Synthesis Is Defined by the Maximal Uptake of Plasma Amino Acids by Porcine Mammary Glands

2004 ◽  
Vol 134 (9) ◽  
pp. 2182-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinfu Guan ◽  
Brian J. Bequette ◽  
Pao K. Ku ◽  
Robert J. Tempelman ◽  
Nathalie L. Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids

scholarly journals Amino Acid Characteristics of Nigerian Local Cheese (‘Wara’)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adeyeye EI ◽  
◽  
Idowu OT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Better Than

This article reports the amino acid composition of the Nigerian local cheese called ‘wara’. ‘Wara’ is made by boiling cow milk with some added coagulant to cuddle the milk protein resulting in coagulated milk protein and whey. ‘Wara’ used to be an excellent source of nutrients such as proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. Samples were purchased in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Amino acid values were high (g/100g crude protein) in Leu, Asp, Glu, Pro, Phe, Arg with total value of 97.7. The quality parameters of the amino acids were: TEAA (42.6g/100g and 43.6%) whereas TNEAA (55.1g/100g and 56.4%); TArAA (12.8g/100g and 13.1%); TBAA (14.2g/100g and 14.5%); TSAA (3.10g/100g and 3.17%); %Cys in TSAA (51.4); Leu/Ile ratio (1.74); P-PER1 (2.65); P-PER2 (2.48); P-PER3 (2.41); EAAI1 (soybean standard) (1.29) and EAAI2 (egg standard) (99.9); BV (97.2) and Lys/Trp ratio (3.62). The statistical analysis of TEAA/TNEAA at r=0.01 was not significantly different. On the amino acid scores, Met was limiting (0.459) at egg comparison, Lys was limiting at both FAO/WHO [24] and preschool EAA requirements with respective values of 0.966 and 0.97. Estimates of essential amino acid requirements at ages 10-12 years (mg/kg/day) showed the ‘wara’ sample to be better than the standard by 3.72-330% with Lys (3.72%) being least better and Trp (330%) being most. The results showed that ‘wara’ is protein-condensed which can be eaten as raw cheese, flavoured snack, sandwich filling or fried cake.

scholarly journals Rearing larvae and juveniles of rainbow trout with different amino acid nutrition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kondratiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Larvae And Juveniles ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Juvenile Trout ◽  
High Level

The article considers the efficiency of using complete compound feeds with different levels of lysine and methionine in rearing larvae and juveniles of rainbow trout. The purpose of the experiment was to establish the effect of different amino acid levels in nutrition of juvenile trout on its productivity. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. The experiment lasted 35 days and was divided into two periods: equalizing (5 days) and main (30 days). During the equalizing period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the levels of lysine and methionine in experimental feeds for different experimental groups of trout ranged from 2.9 to 3.3% and from 0.95 to 3.15%, respectively. It is proved that increasing the content of lysine and methionine in feed for larvae and juveniles of rainbow trout to the levels of 3.2 and 1.1%, respectively, promotes increase in their weight by 10.7% (p <0.01) and growth intensity - by 6.4-11.1%, while further increase in these amino acids content in the feed reduces the productivity of fish. Polynomial equations for determining the juvenile fish weight at any stage of rearing at a high level of determination for each of the experimental groups have been calculated. It was found that with an increase in the content of lysine and methionine in feed to the levels of 3.2 and 1.1%, respectively, reduces feed costs per 1 kg of weight gain in trout larvae and juveniles by 4.1%, and a further increase in levels of these amino acids to 3.3 and 1.15%, respectively, increase this index by 1.1%. The experimental fish survival ranged from 83.9 to 85.1%. In the production of trout according to the criteria of maximum productivity and to the economic optimization criteria, it is recommended to use complete feed with the level of lysine - 3.2% and methionine - 1.1% for feeding trout larvae and juveniles.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF LEAVES OF THREE SPECIES OF ARTEMISIA L. GROWING IN THE ELTON REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Галина Табаленкова
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
High Level

The results of studies of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids (AAs) in the leaves of three plant species of the genus Artemisia, widespread in the Elton region, were presented. Protein AAs were determined on an AAA T-339 amino acid analyzer (Czech Republic) after hydrolysis of a sample in 6N HCl at 105 °C for 24 h, free AAs – on an AAA-400 amino acid analyzer (Czech Republic) in a lithium buffer system. The protein AAs amount varied from 66 mg / g in A. lerchiana to 113 mg / g dry weight in A. santonica. 17 AAs were found in composition of these species, aspartic and glutamic acids were dominant. The content of free AAs varied from 4.4 mg / g in A. santonica to 8.3 mg / g dry weight in A. pauciflora. 14 AAs have been identified, among them proline was the predominant free AA. The share of proline was 75-81% of the total free AAs. Among the minor components, 3-4 compounds with a content above 2% dominated. The free AAs contain 3 non-proteinogenic ones (ornithine, citruline, and γ-aminobutyric acid). A. lerchiana and A. pauciflora species were similar in protein and free amino acids, probably due to the same growing conditions. A high level of free proline, together with a complex of biologically active substances in Artemisia species, which grow abundantly in the Elton region, allow to consider the possibility of their use as a medicinal raw material.

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