FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. II. THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN TYPE, PROTEIN LEVEL AND PENICILLIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MISIR ◽  
R. R. MARQUARDT
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Type Protein ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Maximum Improvement ◽  
Sparing Effect

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of protein type, protein level and penicillin on the utilization of rye by growing chicks. The effects of the following dietary ingredients, respectively, were studied: meat meal or fish meal in rye or wheat diets containing 18 or 26% crude protein, increasing levels of penicillin in rye diets containing meat meal or fish meal, and two levels of penicillin in rye or wheat diets containing meat meal or fish meal. The results indicate that the type (quality) and level (quantity) of the dietary protein plus penicillin affected chick performance. As a dietary ingredient, rye consistently depressed chick growth and the efficiency of feed utilization relative to wheat; these adverse effects were accentuated by feeding rye diets containing a low level of a lower quality protein. However, supplementation of these diets with penicillin or a higher quality protein markedly alleviated these effects. The maximum improvement in chick performance was achieved with rye diets containing fish meal plus penicillin compared to those containing meat meal without penicillin; these relative changes for rye and wheat diets, respectively, were: +121 and +26% for weight gain; +35 and +5% for feed intake, −39 and −17% for feed:gain, +11 and −1% for dry matter retention and +83 and +30% for protein retention. Results would suggest that rye contains factor(s) that reduce(s) the utilization of nutrients, particularly protein. Penicillin supplementation appears to have a protein-sparing effect, particularly when the dietary protein quality and/or levels are suboptimal.

FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. I. THE INFLUENCE OF RYE LEVEL, ERGOT AND PENICILLIN SUPPLEMENTATION

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MISIR ◽  
R. R. MARQUARDT
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Different Levels

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of rye level, ergot and penicillin on the utilization of rye by growing chicks. The effects of the following factors and/or treatments, respectively, were studied: increasing levels of rye replacing wheat in the diets for starting and finishing broiler chicks; ergot, pelleting and penicillin supplementation of rye diets; the cleaning of the beaks or vents of rye-fed chicks; and increasing levels of penicillin in rye diets containing different levels and types of protein supplements for Leghorn chicks. The results indicate that a diet containing 15% rye depressed the appetite and growth of young broiler chicks. Levels of rye higher than 15% in the diet depressed not only growth but also the efficiency of feed utilization in all chicks. The level of ergot in excess of three times that present in the uncleaned rye diet (0.11%) had no influence on chick performance. Wet excreta were produced by rye-fed but not by wheat-fed chicks. There was no relationship, however, between chick performance, and excreta "wetness," beak impaction and vent blockage. An improvement in chick performance was elicited by pelleting or penicillin supplementation of rye diets; the magnitude of the chick response to the latter treatment appeared to be influenced by the type and level of the dietary protein supplement. A dose-response study demonstrated that the maximum effective response to penicillin supplementation occurred when a rye–meat meal diet contained penicillin at or in excess of 160 mg/kg of diet; the corresponding maximum improvements in weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization were 46 and 18%, respectively.

scholarly journals Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Bosch ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Dennis G. A. B. Oonincx ◽  
Wouter H. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Pet Owner ◽  
Mealworm Larvae

AbstractInsects have been proposed as a high-quality, efficient and sustainable dietary protein source. The present study evaluated the protein quality of a selection of insect species. Insect substrates were housefly pupae, adult house cricket, yellow mealworm larvae, lesser mealworm larvae, Morio worm larvae, black soldier fly larvae and pupae, six spot roach, death's head cockroach and Argentinean cockroach. Reference substrates were poultry meat meal, fish meal and soyabean meal. Substrates were analysed for DM, N, crude fat, ash and amino acid (AA) contents and for in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OM) and N. The nutrient composition, AA scores as well as in vitro OM and N digestibility varied considerably between insect substrates. For the AA score, the first limiting AA for most substrates was the combined requirement for Met and Cys. The pupae of the housefly and black soldier fly were high in protein and had high AA scores but were less digestible than other insect substrates. The protein content and AA score of house crickets were high and similar to that of fish meal; however, in vitro N digestibility was higher. The cockroaches were relatively high in protein but the indispensable AA contents, AA scores and the in vitro digestibility values were relatively low. In addition to the indices of protein quality, other aspects such as efficiency of conversion of organic side streams, feasibility of mass-production, product safety and pet owner perception are important for future dog and cat food application of insects as alternative protein source.

On the variation of urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives in pregnant and lactating ewes given diets with different protein contents

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dapoza ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
S. Martín-Orúe ◽  
J. A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

AbstractThe effect of the physiological state and dietary protein level on urinary excretion of creatinine (C) and purine derivatives (PD) was studied in two experiments carried out with pregnant and lactating ewes to evaluate whether the PD/C ratio in urine can he confidently used as an index of PD excretion. In both experiments ewes were given ammonia-treated straw and concentrates including different levels of fish meal and the excretion in urine and milk and the plasma concentration of C, allantoin (AL), xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid was measured.Creatinine excretion (in urine and milk) was higher in pregnant ewes than in those lactating (492 and 420 (s.e. 10.0) μmol/kg maternal live weight0.75) and no significant differences were found due to number of foetuses and dietary protein level. The coefficient of variation was 0·10 in both pregnancy and lactation and individual variation accounted for proportionately 0·78 and 0·93 of total variation. The AL/C ratio in urine was highly correlated with daily AL excretion (r = 0·90 and 0·78 in pregnant and lactating ewes, respectively). Changes in PD excretion with experimental treatments were mainly reflected in AL, as the main component (0-83) of total PD. Most of the variation in AL excretion was explained by differences in rumen fermentable organic matter intake (RFOMI) (R2 = 0·79) and AL excretion did not differ between treatments when expressed per kg of RFOMI. In contrast to this the ratio AL/digestible organic matter intake decreased with increasing levels of fish meal in the diet. Urinary PD excretion was better related to estimated PD kidney tubular load (r = 0·76) than to PD plasma concentration (r = 0·64).The results suggest that creatinine excretion is scarcely affected by the number of foetuses in pregnancy and dietary protein level but if the AL/С in urine is used instead of total collection as an index of purines absorbed in the duodenum, differences in urinary creatinine excretion due to physiological state must be accounted for.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Orskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. In one experiment according to a latin square design five sheep with fistulas in the abomasum and terminal ileum were given diets based on barley. Five diets were compared, one without protein supplementation, two with different levels of fish meal and two with combinations of fish meal and urea.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein passing through the abomasum and removed from the small intestine increased linearly with fish-meal supplementation but the only effect of supplementation with urea was to increase the crude protein removed before the abomasum. It was concluded that urea did not appear to have a sparing effect on the degradation of dietary protein.3. Seventy-eight lambs were used in a second experiment. They were given thirteen diets made up from a basal barley diet and different combinations of fish meal and urea.4. Digestibility of organic matter and efficiency of food conversion increased with each level of fish-meal supplementation. The effects of urea supplementation on organic matter digestibility and efficiency of food conversion depended upon the level of fish meal in the diet and at the highest level of fish-meal supplementation there were no effects.5. The maximum digestibility of organic matter (about 820 g/kg) could be achieved both with urea alone and fish meal alone and was attained at a lower level of nitrogen in the diet with urea. In contrast, the maximum food conversion efficiency that could be achieved with a fish-meal supplement was much greater than could be obtained with a supplement of urea alone.

Protein quality assessment by the use of weanling rats. 1.—Some factors affecting growth measurements

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-315
Author(s):  
D. L. Frape ◽  
R. W. Hocken ◽  
J. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Dickins ◽  
L. G. Chubb
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Weanling Rats

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ANTIBIOTICS ON NITROGEN, AMINO ACID AND ENERGY DIGESTION BY RATS AND ADULT ROOSTERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. CAMPBELL ◽  
B. O. EGGUM ◽  
J. WOLSTRUP
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Key Words Antibiotics ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Neomycin Sulfate ◽  
Net Protein

The influence of antibiotics (a 2:1 mixture of bacitracin and neomycin sulfate at 0.7% of the diet) on the availability of energy from barley-fishmeal-based diets was assessed using rats and adult roosters. Changes in estimates of protein quality, as influenced by dietary antibiotics were also determined in the study with rats. Gut biomass content was estimated by measuring the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in gut samples of rats and fresh excreta samples of roosters. Antibiotic addition to the diet significantly (P < 0.01) reduced apparent digestible energy in rats and tended to reduce the true metabolizable energy measured with roosters. Biological value of the protein for rats was increased significantly (P < 0.01) by antibiotics as were net protein utilization values even though true digestibility of protein was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The availability of some amino acids (e.g. histidine) showed a marked depression (12.1 percentage units) when antibiotics were added to the diet while others were not influenced (e.g. lysine and methionine) or markedly (7.6 percentage units) increased (e.g. alanine). The extent of microbial activity, which was shown to be markedly higher in the hindgut of rats fed no antibiotics as compared to rats fed antibiotics, may have contributed to the positive influence of antibiotic feeding on biological value of dietary protein and to the changes noted in excretion of amino acids by rats and roosters. Key words: Antibiotics, Nitrogen, amino acids, energy, rats, rosters

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document