STRAW QUALITY OF CEREAL CULTIVARS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. KERNAN ◽  
E. C. COXWORTH ◽  
W. L. CROWLE ◽  
D. T. SPURR
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Straw Quality

Straw components of 14 wheat, oat and barley cultivars grown at four locations, 1975–1976, were compared for feed quality attributes before and after ammoniation. Based on a combined statistical analysis, significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars occurred among and within crops for crude protein (CP), in vitro digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude fibre (CF) for untreated straw residues. Average CP and DOM levels were lowest for wheat (3.6 and 36.7%, respectively). Barley had the highest average CP (4.9%) and oats the highest average DOM (39.8%). Wheat straw had substantially higher average CF than either oats or barley. Straw from Pitic 62 wheat, Random oats and Fergus barley showed superior quality attributes (high DOM and CP, low CF) for their respective crops. Neepawa wheat straw appeared to have the poorest quality overall. The straws were treated with anhydrous ammonia (5% on a wt/DM basis) and left in a sealed container at 20° and 15% moisture for 6 days. Following ammoniation: all wheat cultivars had higher CP levels than the oat and barley cultivars; average improvements in CP for wheat, oats and barley were 8.1, 4.7 and 5.3 percentage units, respectively; average DOM levels were similar for wheat, oats and barley; average improvements in DOM were 8.6, 6.1 and 6.6 percentage units, respectively. Neepawa had significantly higher CP following ammoniation than the oat or barley cultivars and showed the highest improvement in DOM (10.1 percentage units). Based on DOM values of the wheat, oat and barley straws, the cultivars Pitic 62, Random and Fergus would still be preferred after ammoniation. There was little to choose between several cultivars within crops for CP content after treatment with ammonia.

Laboratory evaluation of ensiled poultry litter

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

ABSTRACTPoultry litter collected from a commercial broiler house, bedded with wood shavings, was used. The material was screened and ground before it was ensiled either alone or with other agricultural by-products, namely chopped barley straw, a mixture of weeds and grapefruit peels. The digestible organic matter in the dry matter value in vitro (0·39) for litter was comparable with that for straw and weeds. Of the total nitrogen (36·3 g/kg dry matter), 0·19 was ammonia-nitrogen and 0·77 protein-nitrogen. Digestible energy and crude fibre in the litter were 7·19 MJ and 334 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Addition of poultry litter at ensiling resulted in significant increases in nitrogen and ash content of the original mixtures. Inclusion of sodium hydroxide in fermented and non-fermented mixtures elevated digestible organic matter in the dry matter values in vitro by 0·19 and 0·13, respectively; the crude fibre concentration was lowered. All initial mixtures were free of lactic acid and were positive for the pathogen Proteus when tested. Unlike crude fibre, fatty acid and free ammonia, which were increased after fermentation, digestible organic matter in the dry matter and pH values were decreased. Ensiling killed the pathogen Proteus in the majority of the silages tested. The silages had a pleasant aroma and colour, and were consumed by Chios sheep.

scholarly journals In vitro estimation of rumen fermentable organic matter using enzymes

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Cone ◽  
A.H. Van Gelder ◽  
A.M. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of rumen fermentable organic matter (FOM) can be calculated using tables, taking into account the amount of digestible organic matter, the content of fat and fermentation products, and the amount of starch and protein escaping rumen fermentation, or FOM can be calculated using in situ incubations. An in vitro method is described to predict FOM using amylase and other carbohydrate degrading enzymes. FOM estimated by the enzymic method showed a moderate correlation (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.71) with FOM estimated by the in situ method. The relationship could be improved by separating the high crude fibre samples (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.88) from the other samples (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.77). Because degradation rates with the enzymic method were high compared with the assumed rumen passage rates, it proved that FOM could be predicted with a similar accuracy (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.76 - 0.80) by the undegraded fraction after 24 h.

Feeding straw to small ruminants: effect of amount offered on intake and selection of barley straw by goats and sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
M. Naate ◽  
B. J. Hosking
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that increasing the amount of straw offered and allowing animals to refuse proportionately more than 0·1 to 0·2 would increase intake and quality of the straw consumed was tested in two experiments with castrated goats (aged 6 to 31 months) and one with wether sheep (aged 6 to 18 months). Each trial (over 21 to 42 days following 14 to 35 days preliminary feeding) involved individually feeding long barley straw and concentrate supplement (15 g dry matter (DM) per kg live weight (M075) daily) and monitoring the quantity and quality of straw offered and straw refused. The results supported the hypothesis. In experiment 1, with 18 goats per treatment, those allowed to refuse 500 rather than 200 g straw per kg DM offered consumed more (18·9 and 14·4 g DM per kg M75 per day, s.e.d. 0·70) and their straw refusals contained more digestible organic matter (DOM) in vitro (347 and 320 g/kg DM, s.e.d. 7·7). For both treatments, refusals were less digestible in vitro than the straw offered (412 g DOM per kg DM). Thirty-six goats in experiment 2 (over 42 days) offered increasing amounts of straw (18, 54 and 90 g DM per kg M075 per day) consumed more (15·5, 22·8 and 26·2 g DM per kg M per day, s.e.d. 0·74), refused more (125, 566 and 703 g/kg DM offered) and the refusals were of increasing digestibility in vitro (354, 370 and 403 g DOM per kg DM, s.e.d. 14·5). All refused straw was inferior to that offered (443 g DOM per kg DM). The estimated intake of straw DOM was markedly improved by offering more straw (7·2, 12·8 and 14·5 g per kg M75 per day). Experiment 3, using 30 wethers over 21 days fed as in experiment 2, showed similar treatment responses, although absolute intakes of straw were lower. The responses observed are comparable to improvements in intake following treatment of straw with alkali. Further research is required to determine optimum feeding rates as affected by straw quality and animal productivity level. Practical feeding strategies will also need to consider utilizing refused straw.

Effect of straw quality and ammonia treatment on voluntary intake, milk yield and degradation characteristics of faecal fibre

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. A. G. Tait ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
G. Flachowski
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Straw Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were given one of tour completely mixed diets based on equal proportions of barley straw and concentrate. Two varieties of barley straws had been identified as varying in degradation characteristics (Corgi and Gerbel) and the straws were either given untreated or treated with anhydrous ammonia. The ad libitum intake for 10 weeks closely reflected degradation characteristics. For Corgi, treated and untreated and Gerbel, treated and untreated the 48·h degradabilities were 71·9, 66·8, 61·9 and 52·2 (g/100 g) respectively. The voluntary intakes of dry matter were 17·1, 14·8, 15·0 and 13·1 (s.e. 0·51) kg/day and average yields of fat-corrected milk for 10 weeks were 26·7, 21·5, 22·6 and 22·4 (s.e. 1·0) kg/day respectively.It was calculated that the differences between actual digestibility and potential degradability were greatest for ammonia-treated straws. Also it was observed that the degradability of faecal dry matter was greater from animals given ammonia-treated straws.

The effects of grinding, either with or without NaOH treatment, on the utilization of straw by yearling dairy cattle

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Broster ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Naoh Treatment ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYProcessed straw, both ground and ground–NaOH treated, has been compared with long straw in diets of straw and concentrates fed to yearling dairy heifers. Protein allowances were varied by the addition of fishmeal.Improved growth rate was consistently observed with those animals receiving fishmeal. When a fixed amount of barley straw was offered neither digestibility nor growth was affected by the form of the straw. With wheat straw grinding–NaOH treatment resulted in increased growth when fed in diets containing some long roughage. Voluntary intake of straw was additively increased by grinding and by treatment with 5% (w/w) NaOH. Ground-NaOH treatment of straw increased in vitro digestibility.

scholarly journals Yield and quality attributes with seasonal variation in Napier Bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum glaucum) under different nitrogen environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur ◽  
Meenakshi Goyal ◽  
U. S. Tiwana
Keyword(s):  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fodder Yield

Field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013 in randomized block design using three nitrogen doses (50, 75 and 100 kgN/ha) with three replications for Napier Bajra hybrid. Three nitrogen fertilizers, potassium nitrate (KNO3), urea [CO(NH2)2] and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] were used in divided doses. The crop was harvested four times in different seasons. Growth attributes viz. plant height (72.6cm), number of tillers per plant (20.1) and leaf length (91.2) found highest at 100 kgN/ha doses and maximum values were recorded in monsoon season. Green fodder yield (321.0 q/ha) and dry fodder yield (79.6 q/ha) were recorded highest with KNO3 fertilization and found maximum in monsoon season. Among all the harvest seasons, crude protein yield (19.1 q/ha) was observed maximum in summer season. Quality attributes viz. ether extract (2.6%), ash content (12.9%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (62.6%) were observed highest in summer season. Crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased with increased level of nitrogen doses and observed maximum in monsoon season.

DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY INTAKE BY WETHERS OF DIETS CONTAINING AMMONIATED OR HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM-TREATED NEEPAWA WHEAT STRAW FROM FIELDS FERTILIZED WITH MANURE OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. KNIPFEL ◽  
J. A. KERNAN ◽  
E. COXWORTH
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
High Pressure Steam ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Intake

High-pressure steam treatment and ammoniation were compared as procedures to improve the intake and digestibility of Neepawa wheat straw by wethers. In addition, the effects of hog manure or commercial fertilizer upon the nutritional value of Neepawa wheat straw were examined. Ammoniation increased the availability of energy and N of diets containing straw from both fertilizer treatments. Straw from the manured field was of slightly higher quality before and after ammoniation than was straw from the chemically fertilized field. High-pressure steam treatment increased the digestibility of energy-yielding components of diets containing chemically fertilized straw more than ammoniation, and increased intake of digestibile energy to levels significantly greater than those of untreated or ammoniated straw. In vitro forage evaluation consistently underestimated the nutrititive value of rations containing high levels of either untreated or processed straw.

Intake and liveweight response of sheep fed three ground and pelleted cereal straws

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Highly Correlated

Wheat, oat and barley straws, ground and pelleted, with and without supplements of urea and minerals, were fed to groups of sheep in pens. Dry matter intake of oat straw was 53 per cent higher than that of wheat straw, which was 33 per cent higher than that of barley straw. Intake of straw was highly correlated with in vitro digestibility. Liveweight losses reflected changes in intake and were lowest on the oat straw and highest on the barley straw. Over all diets supplementation significantly increased intake and reduced liveweight loss.

COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CELL WALL COMPONENTS IN CEREAL STRAWS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Wall Components

Three varieties each of oat, barley and wheat straw were treated with anhydrous ammonia (3.5% wt/wt). A concentrate and straw were each fed to steers at 1% of body weight for the measurement of apparent digestibility. Hemicellulose and lignin contents tended to be lower, but cellulose was not affected by ammonia treatment. Pooled data show that ammoniation increased (P < 0.001) the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose in the diets by 5.8, 4.7 and 5.8 percentage units, respectively. Improvements were largest for wheat straw diets averaging about 17%, and were similar for oat and barley straw diets at about 8%.

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