scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE ON THE DIGESTION OF BROMEGRASS CONSTITUENTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. FRANKLIN ◽  
J. E. WINCH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Wall Components

A nylon bag technique was used to study the effect of concentrate feeding on the rate and extent of digestion of bromegrass constituents in eight fistulated sheep fed rations at or slightly above maintenance, at concentrate to bromegrass ratios of 3:97, 22:78, 44:56 and 66:34. The eight sheep were arranged in a double 4 × 4 latin square design with nylon bag incubation times of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Rations containing 44 and 66% concentrate depressed rumen digestion of bromegrass dry matter at both 24- and 48-h incubation times. The extent of digestion depression varied among sheep and was related to the animal's ability to buffer increases in rumen acidity. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose followed trends similar to that of dry matter. Rumen osmolality, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels appeared to have little relationship to bromegrass dry matter digestion. The apparent or total gut digestibility of cell wall components was not depressed. This suggested that additional digestion took place in the ileum, cecum and colon and that the proportion of concentrate supplementation may affect ruminal but not the total gut utilization of roughage at maintenance levels of intake.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Dietary rambutan peel powder as a rumen modifier in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-769
Author(s):  
Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Negative Effect

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle.Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice.Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered.Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Level Sabun Kalsium Minyak Kedelai dalam Ransum Terhadap Karakteristik Fermentasi, Populasi Mikroba dan Kecernaan Nutrien Secara In Vitro Menggunakan Cairan Rumen Sapi Bali

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ali Bain ◽  
Komang G. Wiryawan ◽  
Dewi Apri Astuti ◽  
Chairrusyuhur Arman ◽  
Sri Suharti
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Range Test

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi optimalisasi penggunaan level sabun kalsium yang berbeda dalam ransum secara in vitro terhadap karakteristik fermentasi, populasi mikroba dan kecernaan nutrien ransum, menggunakan sumber inokulum cairan rumen sapi Bali. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 jenis perlakuan dalam 3 ulangan.  Ransum penelitian terdiri atas : R1, 40% rumput lapang (RL) + 60% konsentrat (K), R2 (40% RL + 60% K, mengandungn 2.5% SCa-kedelai), R3 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 5% SCa-kedelai), R4 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Variabel yang diukur terdiri atas karakteristik fermentasi in vitro (pH, N-NH3, produksi total volatile fatty acids), populasi mikroorganisme (total bakteri dan total protozoa), dan kecernaan nutrien (kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of varians  (ANOVA) dan perbedaan antara perlakuan diuji dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, penambahan SCa-kedelai pada level yang berbeda dalam konsentrat tidak mempengaruhi pH, konsentrasi amonia, populasi mikroba, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik fermentasi tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0.002) terhadap produksi total VFA. Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada ransum perlakuan R4 (konsentrat yang mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan R4 dan produksi total VFA paling rendah terjadi pada perlakuan ransum R1 (kontrol).  Produksi total VFA  ransum R1 dan R2 dan ransum R2 dan R3 tidak berbeda nyata namun produksi total VFA ransum R3 lebih tinggi dibanding ransum kontrol. Penambahan SCa-kedelai dalam konsentrat menghasilkan produksi total VFA tetinggi namun mulai menekan populasi total bakteri. Mempertimbangkan hasil peubah fermentasi dan populasi mikroba serta biaya pembuatan produk sabun kalsium, SCa-kedelai pada level 5% merupakan level penggunaan SCa-kedelai yang terbaik dalam ransum.Kata kunci: sabun kalsium, fermentasi, in vitro, kecernaanABSTRACTThe study to evaluate the optimalization the different level of soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean) in ration on in vitro fermentation using Bali cattle rumen fluid. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 different ration treatments and 3 replicates. Ration treatments were R1: 40% native grass (NG) + 60% concentrate (C), R2 : 40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 2.5% soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean), and R3 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 5.0% CaS-soybean and R4 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 7.5% CaS-soybean). Variables measured were fermentation characteristics (pH, NH3-N, total volatile fatty acids), microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and nutrient digestibility (dry matter and organic matter digestibility). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments means were examined by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results of the study  showed that the four different level of CaS-soybean in ration did not have any significant effect (P>0,05) on pH, NH3-N, total bacteria, total protozoa, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The treatments significantly increased (P<0.05) the production of total volatile fatty acids.  The highest production of total VFA was obtained from ration R4 (concentrate containing 7.5% CaS-soybean) and the lowest was obtained from treatment R1 (control). There were no significant differences between R1 and  R2, and between R2 and R3 on the total VFA production. However, the total productions of VFA in ration R3 were higher than that of the control ration. The addition of CaS-soybean in the concentrate had increased the total production of VFA, but at the same time, it began pressing the total population of bacteria. Considering the results of the fermentation variables and microbial population as well as the cost of making calcium soap products, CaS-soybean at 5% level was selected as the best level of CaS-soybean in ration.Keywords : calcium soap, fermentation, in vitro, digestibility

scholarly journals Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2611-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson de Moura Zanine ◽  
Edson Mauro Santos ◽  
João Ricardo Rebouças Dórea ◽  
Paulo Alfredo de Santana Dantas ◽  
Thiago Carvalho da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
Four Levels

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of adding cassava scrapings on gas and effluent losses, dry matter recovery, pH, contents of N-NH3, organic acids and volatile fatty acids and the bromatological composition of elephant grass silages. It was used a randomized complete design, with four levels of cassava scrapings (0, 7, 15 or 30% natural matter) each one with four replications per level. The grass was cut at 50 days of regrowth and ensiled in 15-L silos, equipped with a Bunsen valve to allow gas outflow. The gas losses decreased quadratically with the addition of cassava scrapings, whereas effluent losses decreased linearly. Dry matter recovery increased quadratically with the addition of cassava scrapings. Dry matter (DM) concentration increased but crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HEM) decreased linearly with the addition of cassava scrapings. The pH value and lactic acid concentration increased quadratically with the addition of cassava scrapings. Contents of N-NH3 and butyric acid decreased quadratically with the addition of cassava scrapings, whereas acetic acid content decreased linearly. Addition of cassava scrapings reduced gas and effluent losses and improved the fermentation profile of elephant grass silages and the level of 7% already ensures this improvement.

Changes in composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Changes in the composition of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of scouring sheep fed on wheat grain ad libitum were studied relative to sheep fed on lucerne hay ad libitum. Wheat engorgement significantly (P < 0.005) depressed the pH of the digesta in the reticulorumen and the digestive tract distal to the jejunum. A mean total volatile fatty acids concentration of 10.3mM in the caecum of scouring sheep was significantly lower than the mean of 51.6mM in sheep fed on lucerne hay. Net absorption of water was negligible in the colon of scouring sheep as digesta were only 13.7–14.7% dry matter, whereas in sheep fed on lucerne, the dry matter of digesta increased from 14.7% in the caecum to 27.9% at the rectum.

scholarly journals Productive Performance, Milk Composition and Milk Fatty Acids of Goats Supplemented with Sunflower and Linseed Whole Seeds in Grass Silage-Based Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez ◽  
Carlos Alberto García Montes de Oca ◽  
Nazario Pescador Salas ◽  
Julieta G. Estrada Flores ◽  
José Romero Bernal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

The objective of this study was to determine productive performance, milk composition and milk fatty acids (FA) of goats supplemented with sunflower and linseed whole seeds in grass silage-based diets. Nine Alpine goats were grouped in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (n = 3), that included three 21-d periods. Treatments were based on grass silage offered ad libitum and a concentrate mixture supplemented with either 40 g/d of Megalac-R® (control), 80 g/d of sunflower seed (SF), or 80 g/d of linseed (LS). Dry matter intake (1292 ± 14.0 g/d) and digestibility (g/kg) of dry matter (640 ± 32.1), organic matter (668 ± 32.4), neutral detergent fiber (628 ± 41.4) and acid detergent fiber (567 ± 60.9) was not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Treatment did not affect milk fat yield (39.9 ± 1.24 g/d), protein content (4.5 ± 0.03 %) and protein yield (34.7 ± 1.22 g/d). Compared to control, SF and LS, decreased C16:0 (28.2 vs. 23.1 and 22.4 g/100 g), and increased total C18:1 (24.1 vs. 27.6 and 28.4 g/100 g) respectively. Overall, SF and LS resulted an effective strategy for altering the FA composition of goat´s milk towards a healthier profile for humans without deleterious effects on animal performance.

The roughage requirement of the early-weaned calf

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hi Shin Kang ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted with 50 male Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. Milled wheat straw (0·95 cm screen) was included in a pelleted all-concentrate diet at concentrations of 0, 15, 30 or 45 %. The nitrogen content of the diets was maintained by the addition of urea. The diets were given alone or with a chaffed lucerne hay or wheat straw supplement ad libitum. All diets contained 2 % sodium bicarbonate.The feed intake and weight gains of the calves were increased significantly by the inclusion of 15 % milled wheat straw, but were reduced by 30 or 45 % straw. The supplements of chaffed wheat straw or lucerne hay ad libitum did not influence the performance of the calves. The inclusion of wheat straw in the diets reduced their dry-matter digestibility but the digestibility of acid detergent fibre was maximal with 27 % straw. The digestibility of nitrogen was significantly increased by 15% straw but reduced by further increases in straw.The inclusion of wheat straw in the diets did not influence the pH of the rumen contents or the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Increasing the level of straw in the diet caused a significant linear increase in the proportion of acetic acid and decreases in butyric, propionic and valeric acids.

A COMPARISON OF UREA AND ALFALFA CUBES AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN ENSILED WITH CORN SILAGE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Nitrogen Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Changeover Period

Sixteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned for a 35-day period to either corn silage supplemented with urea (4.95 kg/tonne) or corn silage supplemented with alfalfa cubes (90 kg/tonne) at ensiling time. These treatments were then reversed during a 7-day changeover period and the trial continued for a further 35 days. The silages were fed ad libitum and grain was fed in the parlor at the rate of 1.0 kg/4.0 kg milk yield. The protein and acid detergent fiber contents of the urea–corn silage were 11.6 and 25.3%, while those of alfalfa–corn silage were 11.1 and 28.6%. Cows offered the urea–corn silage consumed less forage dry matter expressed as percent of body weight, 2.04 vs. 2.11 and produced less milk, 26.08 vs. 26.86 kg/day (P < 0.05). During the feeding of the alfalfa cube–corn silage, cows gained an average of 4.09 kg/35 days, but lost 3.68 kg/35 days when urea–corn silage was fed (P < 0.05). There was no effect of form of nitrogen supplementation on milk composition or rumen volatile fatty acids, but blood urea nitrogen and plasma glucose were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and plasma calcium lower for cows fed urea–corn silage than for those fed alfalfa cube–corn silage. Apparent dry matter and protein digestibilities were higher for the urea–corn silage than for cows fed alfalfa cube–corn silage but digestibility of acid detergent fiber fraction was greater for cows fed alfalfa cube–corn silage.

scholarly journals Voluntary intake and digestibility of bluestem (Dichanthium annulatum) hay treated with an enzyme or N source

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Caridad del Rosario ◽  
Elide Valencia-Chin ◽  
Rafael Ramos-Santana ◽  
Paul F. Randel ◽  
Ernesto O. Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
N Source ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dichanthium Annulatum ◽  
Enzymatic Nature

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two additives: one of enzymatic nature [Dyadic® Cellulase PLUS (ENZ)] and liquid urea nitrogen (LU) on crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), voluntary intake (VI) and digestibility of treated bluestem grass (BGH; Dichanthium annulatum) hay fed to rams. Nine young rams were used in a 3 x 3 latin square design with the three treatments: BGH without additive (CON), and with added ENZ or LU. The additives were sprinkled over the hay 24 hours prior to being offered daily at the rate of 4% of the animal body weight (BW). Application of ENZ resulted in no important change in VI or digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, NDF or ADF; but ENZ tended to slightly reduce (P menor 0.11) NDF content (73.91 vs. 74.27%), and increase (P menor 0.09) ADF content (44.37 vs. 42.87%). Treatment of BGH with LU increased (P menor 0.01) the content of CP (8.11 vs. 6.41%), tended to depress (P menor 0.11) that of NDF (73.00 vs. 74.27%) and increase (P menor 0.09) those of ADF (43.17 vs. 42.87%) and lignin (6.30 vs. 5.89%). It also increased VI of CP (87.46 vs. 67.25%) and tended (P menor 0.06) to increase VI of DM (1027 vs. 986 g) and CP digestibility (61.11 vs. 53.98%). Daily VI of DM as a percentage of BW was not significantly affected by the treatments (3.13, 2.94 and 3.23% for CON, ENZ and LU, respectively).

scholarly journals Cell wall components and in vitro dry matter digestibility of ensiled pea: Oat mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485
Author(s):  
Jordan Markovic ◽  
Snezana Andjelkovic ◽  
Vladimir Zornic ◽  
Ivica Kostic ◽  
Milomir Blagojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Forage Utilization ◽  
Wall Components

Cell wall content generally is regarded as the most important factor affecting forage utilization because it comprises the major fraction of forage dry matter and is correlated with forage intake and digestibility. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the cell wall constituents of ensiled pea - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Three effects were studied: application of bacterial inoculant, seeding rate of pea and oat in the mixtures and stages of plant development. The NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), hemicellulose, lignin and DMD (Dry Matter Digestibility) were determined in silages. Pea and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Krusevac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure pea and pure oat crop, 25% pea + 75% oat, 50% pea + 50% oat, 75% pea + 25% oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected lower content of NDF and hemicellulose (P< 0.05). Content of cell wall constituents decreased with increasing pea content in the mixtures, but DMD increased. On the other hand, content of cell wall constituents increased with plant growth and development, but DMD decreased.

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